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Table 2 Participant characteristics, stratified by women’s self-reported gestational weight gaina (N = 276)

From: Association of provider advice and gestational weight gain in twin pregnancies: a cross-sectional electronic survey

Participant Demographics

GWG Below IOM Guidelines (N = 74)

GWG Within IOM Guidelines (N = 129)

GWG Above IOM Guidelines (N = 73)

p-valueb

Age at delivery, mean years ± SD

31.6 ± 3.6

31.1 ± 4.2

32.1 ± 4.2

0.234

Time since delivery, mean months ± SD

10.1 ± 6.8

11.2 ± 7.7

12.6 ± 8.6

0.146

Race (N = 285), n(%)

   

0.761

 White

70 (94.6)

121 (94.5)

71 (97.3)

 

 Otherc

4 (5.4)

7 (5.5)

2 (2.7)

 

Marital status, n(%)

   

0.234

 Married

71 (96.0)

121 (93.8)

65 (89.0)

 

 Unmarried

3 (4.1)

8 (6.2)

8 (11.0)

 

Education, n(%)

   

0.870

 Some college or less

13 (17.6)

25 (19.4)

15 (20.6)

 

 Bachelor’s degree

30 (40.5)

61 (47.3)

29 (39.7)

 

 Master’s degree

24 (32.4)

33 (25.6)

24 (32.9)

 

 Professional or Doctorate degree

7 (9.5)

10 (7.8)

5 (6.9)

 

Employment, n(%)

   

0.574

 Employed full time

32 (43.2)

64 (49.6)

30 (41.1)

 

 Employed part time

11 (14.9)

20 (15.5)

9 (12.3)

 

 Homemaker

31 (41.9)

45 (34.9)

34 (46.6)

 

Household income, n(%)

   

0.846

  < $50,000

11 (15.3)

18 (14.8)

6 (8.7)

 

 $50,000–$99,999

21 (29.2)

41 (33.6)

27 (39.1)

 

 $100,000–$149,999

23 (31.9)

37 (30.3)

21 (30.4)

 

  > $150,000

17 (23.6)

26 (21.3)

15 (21.7)

 

Parity prior to twin pregnancy, n(%)

   

0.058

 Nulliparous

28 (37.8)

54 (41.9)

41 (56.2)

 

 Multiparous

46 (62.2)

75 (58.2)

32 (43.8)

 

Pre-pregnancy BMI Category, n(%)

   

0.770

 Normal weight

37 (50.0)

69 (53.5)

33 (45.2)

 

 Overweight

17 (23.0)

31 (24.0)

18 (24.7)

 

 Obese

20 (27.0)

29 (22.5)

22 (30.1)

 

Use of assisted reproductive technologies, n(%)

25 (33.8)

52 (40.3)

26 (35.6)

0.613

Smoking in twin pregnancy, n(%)

2 (2.7)

0 (0.0)

2 (2.7)

0.079

Alcohol use in twin pregnancy, n(%)

0 (0.0)

6 (4.7)

3 (4.1)

0.169

Twin pregnancy type, n(%)

   

0.556

 Dichorionic/diamniotic

62 (83.8)

104 (80.6)

56 (76.7)

 

 Monochorionic/diamniotic or monochorionic/monoamniotic

12 (16.2)

25 (194)

17 (23.3)

 

Pregnancy complicationsd, n(%)

45 (60.8)

72 (55.8)

46 (63.0)

0.569

Gestational age at delivery, mean weeks ± SD

35.8 ± 2.4

35.8 ± 2.0

35.7 ± 2.1

0.952

GWG, mean lbs. ± SD

23.3 ± 9.3

40.1 ± 7.4

59.0 ± 11.5

< 0.001

Provider advice on GWG, n(%)

   

0.561

 Advised on GWG

48 (64.9)

92 (71.3)

48 (65.8)

 

 Not advised on GWG

26 (35.1)

37 (28.7)

25 (34.3)

 
  1. Abbreviations: GWG = gestational weight gain, IOM = Institute of Medicine, SD = standard deviation, BMI = body mass index
  2. aUsing weekly rate of GWG across all trimesters
  3. bP-value calculated using independent samples t-tests, chi-square tests, or fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. Bolded values are statistically significant (p < 0.05)
  4. cBlack or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Pacific Islander, and Other
  5. dGestational diabetes, high blood pressure or hypertension, preeclampsia, anemia, twin to twin transfusion syndrome, and hyperemesis gravidarum
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

ISSN: 1471-2393

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