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Table 4 Summary of studies conducted on the effect of postnatal depression on infant health outcomes in low and middle-income countries, 2007–2017 (N = 14)

From: Postnatal depression and its association with adverse infant health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author, P. year

Country, income

Study setting

Study design

Sample size

weeks

Screening tool used

Infant adverse health outcomes

Estimate (RR/OR)

LCI

UCI

Hasselmann MH et al. 2008

Brazil, Middle

HI

cohort

429

4 to 8 weeks

EPDS

Non-EB

1.21

1.02

1.45

Surkan PJ et al. 2008

Brazil, Middle

HI

cross sectional

595

6 to 12 months

CES-D

Short stature

1.8

1.1

2.9

Machado MC et al. 2014

Brazil, Middle

HI

longitudinal

168

1 to 3 months

EPDS

Non-EB

1.61

1.19

2.19

Gausia K et al. 2010

Bangladish, Low

Community

longitudinal

318

6 to 8 weeks

EPDS

Diarrhea

1.74

1.25

3.42

Rahman A et al. 2016

Pakistan, Low

Community

cohort

279

6 months

DSM-IV

Non-EB

1.42

0.98

2.06

Upadhyay AK et al. 2016

India, Middle

Community

longitudinal

1833

5 to 21 months

SRQ-20

Stunting

1.53

1.21

1.92

Islam MJ et al. 2017

Bangladish, Low

Community

cross sectional

426

6 months

EPDS

Non-EB

5

2.27

11.11

Saeed Q et al. 2016

Pakistan, Low

Community

cross sectional

325

2 years

AKUAD

Stunting

3.15

1.91

5.18

Underweight

3.26

1.99

5.34

Adewuya AO et al. 2007

Nigeria, Middle

HI

case control

242

6 to 12 weeks

SCID-NP

Poor weight

3.41

1.3

8.52

Poor height

3.28

1.03

10.47

Guo N et al. 2013

Ghana, Middle

HI

Longitudinal

654

3 months

PHQ

Febrile illnesses

1.32

1.01

1.74

Guo N et al. 2013

Côte d’Ivoire Middle

Febrile illnesses

1.57

1.20

2.07

Ashaba Set al 2013

Uganda, Low

HI

Case control

166

1–5 yrs

(M.I.N.I.)

Malnutrition

2.4

1.11

5.18

Weobong B et al. 2017

Ghana, Middle

Community

Longitudinal

16,560

4 to 12 weeks

DSM-IV

Diarrhea

1.8

1.45

2.14

cough

1.49

1.28

1.7

Fever

1.8

1.49

2.11

Vomiting

1.98

1.26

2.71

Madeghe BA et al. 2016

Kenya, Middle

HI

Cross-sectional

200

6 to 14 weeks

EPDS

Non-EB

6.14

2.45

13.36

Underweight

4.4

1.91

11.93

Wemakor A et al. 2016

Ghana, Middle

HI

Cross-sectional

384

0–59 months

CED-S

Stunting

2.48

1.29

4.77

Ndokera R et al. 2008

Zambia, Middle

community

Cross-sectional

278

2–12 months

CED

serious illness

1.64

0.51

5.24

diarrhea

1.32

0.71

2.48

underweight

1.48

0.35

6.22

Maureen M Black et al. 2009

Bangladish, Low

Community

cross sectional

221

6–12 months

CED

Stunting

2.17

1.24

3.81

Benett IM et al. 2015

India, Middle

community

Longitudinal

1930

12 months

CED

Stunting

1.18

1.03

1.35

Underweight

1.11

0.97

1.26

Ethiopia, Low

1885

Stunting

0.91

0.81

1.02

Underweight

1.01

0.89

1.15

Peru, Low

1946

Stunting

1.06

0.93

1.22

underweight

0.85

0.6

1.19

Vietnam Low

1961

Stunting

0.91

0.81

1.02

Underweight

1.29

1.03

1.62