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Table 1 Summary of studies conducted on postnatal depression and associated factors in low and middle-income countries (2007–2017), N = 58

From: Postnatal depression and its association with adverse infant health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author, P. year

Year

Country, income

Study setting

Sample size

Time of assessment

Tool used

Prevalence

Dindar I et al. 2007

2007

Middle

HI

679

birth to 48 weeks

EPDS

25.6%

Ege E et al. 2008

2008

Middle

community

364

6 to 48 weeks

EPDS

33.2%

Flores-Quijano ME et al., 2008

2008

Middle

HI

163

2 to 12 weeks

EPDS

24.5%

Hasselmann MH et al., 2008

2008

Middle

HI

429

birth to 8 weeks

EPDS

35.8%

Tannous L et al., 2008

2008

Middle

community

271

6 to 8 weeks

EPDS

20.7%

Durat and Kutlu, 2010

2009

Middle

HI

126

birth to 48 weeks

EPDS

23.8%

Yagmur Y et al., 2010

2010

Middle

community

730

birth to 48 weeks

EPDS

21.0%

Botino M et al., 2012

2012

Middle

HI

811

birth to 20 weeks

EPDS

24.3%

Goker A et al., 2012

2012

Middle

HI

318

4 to 48 weeks

EPDS

31.4%

Pocan Ag et al., 2013

2013

Middle

HI

187

4 to 6 weeks

EPDS

28.9%

Melo Jr. EF et al., 2012

2012

Middle

HI

555

4 to 6 weeks

EPDS

10.8%

Mathisen SE et al. 2013

2013

Middle

HI

87

4 to 6 weeks

EPDS

37.2%

Serhan N et al. 2013

2012

Middle

community

110

8 to 24 weeks

EPDS

9.1%

de Castro et al 2015

2014

Middle

HI

604

birth to 36 weeks

EPDS

10.6%

Lara MA et al., 2015

2014

Middle

HI

210

24 weeks

SCID-I

13.4%

Corrêa H et al., 2016

2016

Middle

HI

3060

birth to 48 weeks

EPDS

19.5%

Robert A et al., 2016

2016

Middle

HI

194

birth to 6 weeks

EPDS

40.2%

Ho-Yen SD et al. 2007

2007

Low

community

426

4 to five weeks

EPDS

4.9%

Baghianimoghadam et al, 2009

2007

Middle

HI

120

1 to 16 weeks

BDI

58.8%

Gao L et al., 2009

2008

Middle

HI

130

6 to 8 weeks

EPDS

13.8%

Kadir AA, et al., 2009

2009

Middle

HI

293

4 to 6 weeks

EPDS

27.3%

Wan EY et al., 2009

2009

Middle

HI

342

6 to 8 weeks

EPDS

15.5%

Petrosyan D, et al.,2011

2011

Middle

HI

437

3 months

EPDS

14.4%

Ahmed HM et al., 2012

2012

Middle

HI

1000

6 to 8 weeks

EPDS

28.4%

Hegde S et al. 2012

2012

Middle

HI

150

6 to 14 weeks

EPDS

15.5%

Zainal NZ et al. 2012

2012

Middle

HI

411

6 to 8 weeks

MINI

6.8%

Swapan G et al. 2013

2013

Middle

HI

202

6 weeks

PRIME MD

15.8%

Panyayong B et al., 2013

2013

Middle

community

1731

6 to 8 weeks

EPDS

8.4%

Abdollahi F et al., 2014

2014

Middle

HI

1801

8 to 12 weeks

EPDS

4.5%

Deng AW et al., 2014

2014

Middle

community

1823

4 weeks

EPDS

27.4%

El-Hachem C et al. 2014

2014

Middle

HI

228

4 weeks

EPDS

12.0%

Giri RK et al. 2015

2015

Low

HI

346

6 to 10 weeks

EPDS

30.0%

Yusuff ASM et al. 2015

2015

Middle

HI

2072

4 to 24 weeks

EPDS

14.3%

Murray L et al. 2015

2015

Middle

HI

431

4 to 24 weeks

EPDS

18.1%

Shivalli S et al. 2015

2015

Middle

HI

102

4 to 6 weeks

EPDS

31.4%

Abdollahi et al. 2014

2014

Middle

HI

1910

12 weeks

EPDS

19.0%

Safadi RR et al. 2016

2016

Low

HI

315

12 weeks

PHQ-9

25.0%

Iranpour S et al. 2017

2017

Middle

community

360

12 weeks

EPDS

34.8%

Liu S et al. 2017

2017

Middle

community

882

4 weeks

EPDS

6.7%

Ramchandani PG et al. 2009

2008

Middle

community

1035

24 weeks

PDQ

16.4%

Stewart RC et al. 2010

2009

Middle

HI

501

36 weeks

DSM-IV

13.9%

Hassanein I et al. 2014

2014

Low

Hi

290

12 weeks

EPDS

39.0%

Mohammed ES et al. 2014

2014

Low

community

200

56 weeks

EPDS

49.5%

Khalifa DS et al. 2015

2015

Low

HI

300

12 weeks

EPDS

9.2%

Stellenberg E et al. 2015

2016

Middle

community

159

6 to 14 weeks

EPDS

50.3%

Weobong B et al. 2013

2016

Middle

community

13, 360

4 weeks

PHQ-9

3.8%

Shamu S et al., 2008

2016

Low

HI

842

6 weeks

CES-D

21.4%

Azale A et al. 2016

2016

Low

Community

385

24 weeks

PHQ_9

12.1%

Surkan PJ et al. 2009

2009

Middle

HI

595

24 to 48 weeks

CES-D

56.0%

Machado MC et al. 2014

2014

Middle

HI

168

4 t0 12 weeks

EPDS

16.1%

Gausia K et al. 2010

2010

Low

Community

318

6 to 8 weeks

EPDS

20.1%

Upadhyay AK et al. 2016

2016

Middle

Community

1833

20 to 84 weeks

SRQ-20

29.8%

Islam MJ et al. 2017

2016

Low

Community

426

24 weeks

EPDS

35.2%

Saeed Q et al. 2016

2016

Low

Community

325

96 weeks

AKUADS

40.0%

Ndokera R et al. 2008

2008

Middle

community

278

8 to 48 weeks

SRQ-20

9.7%

Guo N et al. 2013 (Ghana)

2013

Middle

HI

654

12 weeks

PHQ_9

8.9%

Guo N et al. 2013(Ivory Coast)

2013

Middle

HI

654

12 weeks

PHQ_9

11.8%

Weobong B et al. 2015

2017

Middle

Community

16,560

4 to 12 weeks

DSM-IV

3.5%

  1. HI health institution, PDQ Pitt depression questionnaire, AKUADS Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression Scale> = 20, EPDS Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, BDI Beck depression inventory, CED Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale, SCID-I Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV depression module, MINI Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, PHQ-9 patient health questioner, SRQ-20 Self Reporting Questionnaire