Table 2 Characteristics of participants at the baseline interview
Characteristics | Included (n = 469) | Not included (n = 28) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic characteristics | |||
Age (years), mean (SD) | 26.5 (4.8) | 24.9 (5.2) | 0.05 |
Body mass index during late pregnancy, mean (SD) | 27.1 (3.8) | 25.4 (3.8) | 0.01 |
Education, n % | < 0.001 | ||
No formal/ primary education | 86 (18.3) | 17 (60.7) | |
Secondary and above education | 383 (81.7) | 11 (39.3) | |
Having income-generating work, n % | 152 (32.4) | 8 (28.6) | 0.8 |
Consume chewing tobacco/smoking, n % | 12 (2.6) | 7 (25.0) | < 0.001 |
Alcohol consumption, n % | 118 (25.2) | 7 (25.0) | 1.0 |
Family structure, n % | 0.3 | ||
Joint/extended family | 234 (49.9) | 11 (39.3) | |
Nuclear family | 235 (50.1) | 17 (60.7) | |
Education of partners, n % | < 0.001 | ||
No formal/ primary education | 51 (10.9) | 13 (46.4) | |
secondary and above education | 418 (89.1) | 15 (53.6) | |
Partners with income-generating work, n % | 437 (93.2) | 27 (96.4) | 1.0 |
Consume chewing tobacco/smoking by partner, n % | 157 (33.5) | 20 (71.4) | < 0.001 |
Alcohol consumption by partner, n % | 239 (51.0) | 19 (67.9) | 0.1 |
Household wealth, mean (SD) | .09 (2.03) | −1.53 (1.66) | < 0.001 |
Intimate partner relationship | |||
Quality of relationship with an intimate partner, n % | 0.002 | ||
Least optimal (< 28 RAS score) | 105 (22.4) | 14 (50.0) | |
Optimal (> 28 RAS score) | 364 (77.6) | 14 (50.0) | |
Any lifetime experience of intimate partner controlling behaviour, n % | 163 (34.8) | 15 (50.0) | 0.1 |
Any lifetime experience of intimate partner emotional violence, n % | 191 (40.7) | 17 (60.7) | 0.05 |
Any lifetime experience of intimate partner physical and or sexual violence, n % | 109 (23.2) | 16 (57.1) | < 0.001 |
Any lifetime experiences of any intimate partner violence, n % | 270 (57.6) | 20 (71.4) | 0.2 |
Reproductive characteristics | |||
History of pregnancy, n % | |||
Nulliparous | 211 (45.0) | 9 (32.1) | 0.2 |
Two or more pregnancies | 258 (55.0) | 19 (67.9) | |
History of miscarriage/abortion, n % | 85 (18.1) | 7 (25.0) | 0.3 |
Taking iron tablet during current pregnancy, n % | 449 (95.7) | 20 (71.4) | < 0.001 |
The good foetal health, n % | 447 (95.3) | 24 (85.7) | 0.05 |
Unwelcome/inconvenient pregnancy, n % | 61 (13.0) | 10 (35.7) | 0.003 |
Attended antenatal check-up for current pregnancy | 466 (99.4) | 25 (89.3) | 0.003 |
Number of the antenatal visit for current pregnancy | < 0.001 | ||
none | 3 (0.6) | 3 (10.7) | |
once | 8 (1.7) | 2 (7.1) | |
twice | 15 (3.2) | 5 (17.9) | |
Three times | 33 (7.0) | 5 (17.9) | |
Four or more times | 410 (87.4) | 13 (46.4) | |
Sex of index foetus | 0.7 | ||
Boy | 262 (55.9) | 14 (60.9) | |
Girl | 207 (44.1) | 9 (39.1) | |
Number of children, n % | 0.6 | ||
None | 246 (52.5) | 13 (46.4) | |
One or more | 223 (47.5) | 15 (53.6) | |
Length of gestation at baby birth (weeks), mean (SD) | 39.9 (1.5) | 39.1 (2.5) | 0.2 |
Earthquake experiences, mean (SD) | 3.3 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.3) | 0.2 |
Having practical/emotional social support, n % | 348 (74.2) | 18 (64.2) | 0.3 |
EPDS, mean (SD) | 8.0 (5.1) | 10.6 (6.7) | 0.06 |
EPDS total score categories, n % | 0.2 | ||
< 9 score | 289 (61.6) | 14 (50.0) | |
10 to 12 score | 81 (17.3) | 4 (14.3) | |
≥ 13 score | 99 (21.1) | 10 (35.7) | |