Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study population

 Age (years)

31.9 ± 5.01

109

32.0 ± 5.47

107

0.89

 Smoking

9 (8.6)

105

17 (16.0)

106

0.099

 Primipara

42 (38.5)

109

49 (45.8)

107

0.28

 Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)

29.5 ± 5.91

109

28.9 ± 4.71

107

0.41

 HbA1c% at OGTT

5.48 ± 0.34

109

5.51 ± 0.34

107

0.49†

 HbA1c at OGTT (mmol/mol)

36.3 ± 3.69

36.7 ± 3.72

 HbA1c% at 36 gw

5.68 ± 0.33

101

5.69 ± 0.36

95

0.82

 HbA1c at 36 gw (mmol/mol)

38.5 ± 3.63

38.6 ± 3.89

 OGTT fasting (mmol/L)

5.52 ± 0.55

109

5.57 ± 0.42

107

0.44

 OGTT 1 h (mmol/L)

11.2 ± 1.49

109

11.2 ± 1.24

107

0.61†

 OGTT 2 h (mmol/L)

8.33 ± 1.76

108

7.91 ± 1.75

106

0.076

 C-peptide at baseline (nmol/L)

1.05 ± 0.33

103

1.05 ± 0.29

101

0.90†

 Gestational hypertension

2 (1.8)

109

4 (3.7)

107

0.44‡

 Preeclampsia

5 (4.6)

109

10 (9.3)

107

0.19‡

 Assisted vaginal delivery

9 (8.3)

109

8 (7.5)

107

0.83

 Cesarean section

15 (13.8)

109

18 (16.8)

107

0.53

 Induction of labor

41 (37.6)

109

58 (54.2)

107

0.014

 Gestational weight gain (kg)

7.97 ± 5.24

108

7.82 ± 5.27

107

0.83

 Weight gain in late gestation (kg)

1.79 ± 2.62

109

2.15 ± 2.97

107

0.35

 Gw at delivery

39.2 ± 1.40

109

39.4 ± 1.58

107

0.43

 Birth weight (g)

3610 ± 490

109

3590 ± 450

107

0.78

 Birth weight (SD)

0.17 ± 1.05

105

0.15 ± 0.96

107

0.91

 Birth weight (centiles)

54.8 ± 28.9

105

54.3 ± 28.9

107

 Macrosomia

5 (4.6)

109

1 (0.9)

107

0.21‡

 Birth weight < 10th percentile

12 (11.4)

105

9 (8.4)

107

0.46

 Birth weight > 90th percentile

15 (14.3)

105

17 (15.9)

107

0.74

 Admission to NICU

33 (30.1)

108

39 (36.4)

107

0.36

 Newborn I.V. glucose

25 (23.1)

108

25 (23.6)

106

0.94