Table 1 Background characteristics of the survey participants
Characteristics | All participants (n = 947), No. (%) | Anemia = Yes (n = 458), No. (%) | Anemia = No (n = 489), No. (%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD), y | 28.8 (5.9) | 29.0 (6.0) | 29.1 (5.8) | 0.1202 |
Age Categories (y) | Â | Â | Â | 0.6406 |
 15–19 | 34 (4) | 20 (59) | 14 (41) |  |
 20–24 | 204 (22) | 105 (51) | 99 (49) |  |
 25–29 | 288 (30) | 140 (49) | 148 (55) |  |
 30–34 | 253 (27) | 115 (45) | 138 (55) |  |
 35–39 | 120 (4) | 53 (44) | 67 (56) |  |
 40–44 | 42 (4) | 22 (52) | 20 (48) |  |
 45–49 | 6 (1) | 3 (50) | 3 (50) |  |
Malaria | Â | Â | Â | 0.0014 |
 Positive | 298 (31) | 167 (56) | 131 (44) |  |
 Negative | 649 (69) | 291 (45) | 358 (55) |  |
HIV infection status | Â | Â | Â | 0.3385 |
 Positive | 13 (1) | 8 (62) | 5 (38) |  |
 Negative | 934 (99) | 450 (48) | 484 (52) |  |
Malaria-HIV Category | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
 Malaria only | 293 (31) | 164 (56) | 129 (44) |  |
 HIV only | 8 (0.8) | 5 (62.5) | 3 (37.5) |  |
 Malaria-HIV coinfection | 5 (0.5) | 3 (60) | 2 (40) |  |
 No infection | 641 (68) | 286 (45) | 355 (55) |  |
Hemoglobin mean (SD), g/L, | 11.0 (1.7) | 9.7 (1.2) | 12.2 (1.0) | < 0.0001 |
Insecticide Treated Nets | Â | Â | Â | 0.8073 |
 Yes | 503 (93) | 249 (49.5) | 254 (50.5) |  |
 No | 40 (7) | 19 (47.5) | 21 (52.5) |  |
Intermittent Preventive Treatment | Â | Â | Â | 0.003 |
 Yes | 453 (48) | 242 (53) | 211 (47) |  |
 No | 487 (52) | 213 (44) | 274 (56) |  |
Education level | Â | Â | Â | 0.55 |
 No formal schooling | 348 (37) | 175 (50) | 173 (50) |  |
 Primary | 322 (34) | 159 (49) | 163 (51) |  |
 Secondary | 261 (28) | 117 (45) | 144 (55) |  |
 More than secondary | 16 (2) | 7 (44) | 9 (56) |  |
Household wealth quintile | Â | Â | Â | 0.43 |
 Lowest | 210 (22) | 110 (52) | 100 (48) |  |
 Second | 180 (19) | 90 (50) | 90 (50) |  |
 Middle | 189 (20) | 86 (45.5) | 103 (54.5) |  |
 Fourth | 183 (19) | 91 (50) | 92 (50) |  |
 Highest | 185 (20) | 81 (44) | 104 (56) |  |
Place of residence | Â | Â | Â | 0.35 |
 Urban | 316 (33) | 146 (46) | 170 (54) |  |
 Rural | 631 (67) | 312 (49) | 319 (51) |  |
Iron Supplementation | Â | Â | Â | 0.01 |
 Less than 90 days | 714 (75) | 329 (46) | 385 (54) |  |
 Equal to or greater than 90 days | 233 (25) | 129 (55) | 104 (45) |  |
Marital Status | Â | Â | Â | 0.13 |
 Not married | 9 (1) | 2 (22) | 7 (78) |  |
 Married | 913 (96) | 447 (49) | 466 (51) |  |
 Divorced | 25 (3) | 9 (36) | 16 (64) |  |
Births in the last 5 years | Â | Â | Â | 0.88 |
 2 or less | 913 (96) | 442 (48) | 471 (52) |  |
 More than 2 | 34 (4) | 16 (47) | 18 (53) |  |
Currently Breastfeeding status | Â | Â | Â | 0.96 |
 Yes | 105 (11) | 51 (49) | 54 (51) |  |
 No | 842 (89) | 407 (48) | 435 (52) |  |
Country | Â | Â | Â | 0.0007 |
 Burundi | 246 (26) | 103 (42) | 143 (58) |  |
 The Democratic republic of the Congo | 302 (32) | 127 (42) | 175 (58) |  |
 Ghana | 107 (11) | 58 (54) | 49 (46) |  |
 The Gambia | 49 (5) | 31 (63) | 18 (37) |  |
 Mali | 88 (9) | 50 (57) | 38 (43) |  |
 Senegal | 71 (8) | 38 (54) | 33 (46) |  |
 Togo | 84 (9) | 51 (61) | 33 (39) |  |