Table 1 Background characteristics of the survey participants
| Characteristics |
All participants (n = 947), No. (%) |
Anemia = Yes (n = 458), No. (%) |
Anemia = No (n = 489), No. (%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 28.8 (5.9) | 29.0 (6.0) | 29.1 (5.8) | 0.1202 |
| Age Categories (y) | 0.6406 | |||
| 15–19 | 34 (4) | 20 (59) | 14 (41) | |
| 20–24 | 204 (22) | 105 (51) | 99 (49) | |
| 25–29 | 288 (30) | 140 (49) | 148 (55) | |
| 30–34 | 253 (27) | 115 (45) | 138 (55) | |
| 35–39 | 120 (4) | 53 (44) | 67 (56) | |
| 40–44 | 42 (4) | 22 (52) | 20 (48) | |
| 45–49 | 6 (1) | 3 (50) | 3 (50) | |
| Malaria | 0.0014 | |||
| Positive | 298 (31) | 167 (56) | 131 (44) | |
| Negative | 649 (69) | 291 (45) | 358 (55) | |
| HIV infection status | 0.3385 | |||
| Positive | 13 (1) | 8 (62) | 5 (38) | |
| Negative | 934 (99) | 450 (48) | 484 (52) | |
| Malaria-HIV Category | 0.001 | |||
| Malaria only | 293 (31) | 164 (56) | 129 (44) | |
| HIV only | 8 (0.8) | 5 (62.5) | 3 (37.5) | |
| Malaria-HIV coinfection | 5 (0.5) | 3 (60) | 2 (40) | |
| No infection | 641 (68) | 286 (45) | 355 (55) | |
| Hemoglobin mean (SD), g/L, | 11.0 (1.7) | 9.7 (1.2) | 12.2 (1.0) | < 0.0001 |
| Insecticide Treated Nets | 0.8073 | |||
| Yes | 503 (93) | 249 (49.5) | 254 (50.5) | |
| No | 40 (7) | 19 (47.5) | 21 (52.5) | |
| Intermittent Preventive Treatment | 0.003 | |||
| Yes | 453 (48) | 242 (53) | 211 (47) | |
| No | 487 (52) | 213 (44) | 274 (56) | |
| Education level | 0.55 | |||
| No formal schooling | 348 (37) | 175 (50) | 173 (50) | |
| Primary | 322 (34) | 159 (49) | 163 (51) | |
| Secondary | 261 (28) | 117 (45) | 144 (55) | |
| More than secondary | 16 (2) | 7 (44) | 9 (56) | |
| Household wealth quintile | 0.43 | |||
| Lowest | 210 (22) | 110 (52) | 100 (48) | |
| Second | 180 (19) | 90 (50) | 90 (50) | |
| Middle | 189 (20) | 86 (45.5) | 103 (54.5) | |
| Fourth | 183 (19) | 91 (50) | 92 (50) | |
| Highest | 185 (20) | 81 (44) | 104 (56) | |
| Place of residence | 0.35 | |||
| Urban | 316 (33) | 146 (46) | 170 (54) | |
| Rural | 631 (67) | 312 (49) | 319 (51) | |
| Iron Supplementation | 0.01 | |||
| Less than 90 days | 714 (75) | 329 (46) | 385 (54) | |
| Equal to or greater than 90 days | 233 (25) | 129 (55) | 104 (45) | |
| Marital Status | 0.13 | |||
| Not married | 9 (1) | 2 (22) | 7 (78) | |
| Married | 913 (96) | 447 (49) | 466 (51) | |
| Divorced | 25 (3) | 9 (36) | 16 (64) | |
| Births in the last 5 years | 0.88 | |||
| 2 or less | 913 (96) | 442 (48) | 471 (52) | |
| More than 2 | 34 (4) | 16 (47) | 18 (53) | |
| Currently Breastfeeding status | 0.96 | |||
| Yes | 105 (11) | 51 (49) | 54 (51) | |
| No | 842 (89) | 407 (48) | 435 (52) | |
| Country | 0.0007 | |||
| Burundi | 246 (26) | 103 (42) | 143 (58) | |
| The Democratic republic of the Congo | 302 (32) | 127 (42) | 175 (58) | |
| Ghana | 107 (11) | 58 (54) | 49 (46) | |
| The Gambia | 49 (5) | 31 (63) | 18 (37) | |
| Mali | 88 (9) | 50 (57) | 38 (43) | |
| Senegal | 71 (8) | 38 (54) | 33 (46) | |
| Togo | 84 (9) | 51 (61) | 33 (39) |