Table 2 Outcomes following outpatient vs. inpatient induction: main analysis
From: Inpatient versus outpatient induction of labour: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Outcome | Studies | Outpatient events | Inpatient events | Estimate (95% CI) | I2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal morbidity and patient-reported outcomes | |||||
Chorioamnionitis during labour | 6 | 74/839 (8.82%) | 68/834 (8.15%) | RR 1.09 (0.80, 1.48) | 0 |
Maternal hyperstimulation | 5 | 12/858 (1.40%) | 17/865 (1.97%) | RR 0.72 (0.21, 2.41) | 35.80 |
Postpartum haemorrhage > 500 mL (vaginal births) | 4 | 132/709 (18.62%) | 123/715 (17.20%) | RR 1.10 (0.89, 1.37) | 0 |
Mean hospital anxiety-depression score | 2 | NA | NA | MD −0.045 points (− 0.32, 0.23) | 5.97 |
Fetal and neonatal outcomes | |||||
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Admissions | 8 | 76/1269 (5.55%) | 82/1244 (6.59%) | RR 0.93 (0.69, 1.26) | 0 |
5-min Apgar score < 7 | 5 | 22/994 (2.21%) | 15/979 (1.53%) | RR 1.39 (0.73, 2.65) | 0 |
Meconium stained amniotic fluid | 4 | 129/724 (17.82%) | 123/728 (16.90%) | RR 1.06 (0.85, 1.32) | 0 |
Uterine hyperstimulation | 4 | 12/643 (1.87%) | 10/632 (1.58%) | RR 1.12 (0.47, 2.69) | 0 |
Perinatal mortality | 3 | 1/691 (0.14%)a | 0/714 (0%) | RR 1.65 (0.20, 13.32) | 0 |
Febrile morbidity or Antibiotic requirement | 3 | 29/518 (5.60%) | 31/499 (6.21%) | RR 0.82 (0.29, 2.30) | 25.02 |
Suspicious fetal heart tracing | 2 | 61/199 (30.65%) | 43/201 (21.39%) | RR 1.43 (1.10, 1.86) | 0 |
Hypoxic ischemic Encephalopathy | 2 | 3/626 (0.48%) | 3/649 (0.46%) | RR 1.02 (0.23, 4.48) | 0 |
Respiratory problems | 2 | 17/444 (3.83%) | 18/431 (4.18%) | RR 0.92 (0.48, 1.75) | 0 |
Labour outcomes | |||||
Caesarean delivery | 9 | 280/1319 (21.23%) | 279/1295 (21.54%) | RR 0.96 (0.77, 1.19) | 40.16 |
Spontaneous vaginal birth | 8 | 495/1258 (39.35%) | 484/1245 (38.88) | RR 1.02 (0.88, 1.19) | 67.58 |
Assisted vaginal birth | 8 | 231/1258 (18.36%) | 225/1245 (18.07%) | RR 1.03 (0.85, 1.25) | 12.93 |
Cervical priming time | 4 | NA | NA | MD 25.87 min (− 142.72, + 194.45) | 82.06 |
Participants entering labour or delivery within 24 h of induction | 4 | 221/643 (34.37%) | 230/632 (36.39%) | RR 0.93 (0.71, 1.22) | 56.59 |
Mean length of active labour (vaginal births) | 2 | NA | NA | MD 12.42 h (−29.51, 54.35) | 0 |
Resource-related outcomes | |||||
Need for oxytocin infusion | 6 | 615/1128 (54.52%) | 453/1116 (40.59%) | RR 1.31 (0.95, 1.82) | 93.12 |
Epidural use | 5 | 605/1078 (56.12%) | 395/1078 (36.66%) | RR 1.32 (0.84, 2.07) | 96.01 |
Total hospital admission time until delivery | 5 | NA | NA | MD − 171.50 min (− 475.98, + 132.97) | 90.93 |
Mean duration oxytocin infusion | 5 | NA | NA | MD 43.87 min (−64.76, + 150.50) | 82.58 |
Mean length of hospital stay | 4 | NA | NA | MD − 282.48 min (−404.73, −160.23) | 10.99 |
Total induction-to-delivery time | 4 | NA | NA | MD −107.98 min (− 332.73, + 116.78) | 67.06 |
Mean hospital cost per womanb | 2 | NA | NA | MD $144.83 (− 819.44, + 1109.10) | 37.52 |