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Table 2 The socioeconomic risk factors associated with insufficient and excess iodine intake among the non-pregnant participants (n = 400) by multinomial regression analysis

From: Iodine adequacy in reproductive age and pregnant women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia

Risk factors

Insufficiency (<  100 μg/L)

Above requirements

(≥ 200 μg/L)

Odds ratio (95%CI)

P Value

Odds ratio (95%CI)

P Value

Age (years)

1.017 (0.983–1.052)

NS

0.978 (0.919–1.041)

NS

BMI (Kg/m2)

1.004 (0.959–1.051)

NS

1.084 (1.010–1.163)

P = 0.02

Parity

 Primiparous

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Multiparous

3.091 (1.707–5.598)

P < 0.0001

0.607 (0.214–1.724)

NS

Family Size

  ≤ 4 members

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  > 4 members

2.390 (1.390–4.112)

P = 0.02

2.102 (0.843–5.242)

NS

Total income (SR)

  < 3000

2.520 (1.038–6.119)

P = 0.04

1.452 (0.333–6.338)

NS

 3001–5000

1.465 (0.740–2.902)

NS

0.755 (0.219–2.595)

NS

 5001–10,000

1.552 (0.769–3.012)

NS

0.707 (0.203–2.458)

NS

  > 10,001

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Education Level

 Illiterate

1.387 (0.355–5.416)

NS

9.884 (2.028–48.163)

P < 0.01

 Primary Education

0.549 (0.224–1.344)

NS

4.212 (1.218–14.570)

P = 0.02

 Secondary Education

1.087 (0.639–1.848)

NS

1.774 (0.662–4.596)

NS

 University

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Employment

 Yes

1.009 (0.546–1.867)

NS

0.769 (0.273–2.165)

NS

 No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Active smoking

 Yes

1.226 (0.394–3.815)

NS

0.699 (0.069–7.043)

NS

 No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Passive smoking

 Yes

1.818 (1.097–3.014)

P = 0.02

1.309 (0.549–3.125)

NS

 No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Salt Intake

 Iodized

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 Non-iodized

2.052 (1.118–3.766)

P = 0.02

1.247 (0.420–3.700)

NS

 Don’t know

0.449 (0.161–1.251)

NS

0.753 (0.167–3.398)

NS

Iodine supplement

 Yes

0.364 (0.172–0.771)

P < 0.01

1.367 (0.479–3.900)

NS

 No

Ref.

   
  1. Ref Reference category
  2. NS Non-significant