Table 2 Risk of bias assessment in cohort studies
Study | Outcome | Bias due to confounding | Bias in selection of participants into the study | Bias in classification of interventions | Bias due to deviations from intended interventions | Bias due to missing data | Bias in measurement of outcomes | Bias in selection of the reported result | Overall bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alderdice et al. 2005 [51] | NICU | S | C | L | L | NI | S | L | C |
Respiratory outcomes | S | C | L | L | NI | M | L | C | |
Bailit et al. 2010 [52] | NICU | S | S | L | L | NI | S | L | S |
Sepsis | S | S | L | L | NI | M | L | S | |
(M) Hysterectomy | S | S | L | L | NI | L | L | S | |
Balchin et al. 2008 [53] | Respiratory outcomes | S | C | L | L | NI | M | L | C |
Brookfield et al. 2017 [36] | Respiratory outcomes | S | S | L | L | NI | M | L | S |
Chiossi et al. 2013 [37] | NICU, Apgar score | S | S | L | L | NI | S | L | S |
Death | S | S | L | L | NI | L | L | S | |
Respiratory outcomes, sepsis | S | S | L | L | NI | M | L | S | |
(M) Death, hysterectomy | S | S | L | L | NI | L | L | S | |
(M) Bleeding | S | S | L | L | NI | S | L | S | |
Clark et al. 2009 [54] | NICU | S | S | L | L | NI | S | L | S |
Doan et al. 2014 [44] | NICU, Apgar Score, jaundice | S | S | L | L | NI | S | L | S |
Death, hypoglycemia | S | S | L | L | NI | L | L | S | |
Respiratory outcomes | S | S | L | L | NI | M | L | S | |
Farchi 2010 | Respiratory outcomes | S | S | L | L | NI | M | L | S |
Finn et al. 2016 [55] | NICU | S | S | L | L | NI | S | L | S |
Respiratory outcomes | S | S | L | L | NI | M | L | S | |
Gawlik et al. 2015 [43] | NICU, Apgar score | S | S | L | L | NI | S | L | S |
Graziosi et al. 1998 [56] | NICU, jaundice | S | S | L | L | NI | S | L | S |
Respiratory outcomes | S | S | L | L | NI | M | L | S | |
Hansen et al. 2008 [57] | Respiratory outcomes | S | S | L | L | NI | M | L | S |
Many et al. 2006 [58] | Respiratory outcomes | S | C | L | L | NI | M | L | C |
Matsuo et al. 2008 [59] | Respiratory outcomes | S | C | L | L | NI | M | L | C |
McAlister et al. 2013 [45] | NICU | S | C | L | L | NI | S | L | C |
Melamed et al. 2014 [60] | NICU, Apgar score, jaundice | S | S | L | L | NI | S | L | S |
Death, hypoglycemia | S | S | L | L | NI | L | L | S | |
Respiratory outcomes | S | S | L | L | NI | M | L | S | |
(M) Hysterectomy | S | S | L | L | NI | L | L | S | |
(M) bleeding | S | S | L | L | NI | S | L | S | |
Morrison et al. 1995 [61] | Respiratory outcomes | S | C | L | L | NI | M | L | C |
Nakashima et al. 2014 [41] | NICU, jaundice | S | S | L | L | NI | S | L | S |
Respiratory outcomes | S | S | L | L | NI | M | L | S | |
Hypoglycemia, sepsis | S | S | L | L | NI | L | L | S | |
Nir et al. 2012 [46] | NICU, Apgar score, jaundice | S | S | L | L | NI | S | L | S |
Respiratory outcomes | S | S | L | L | NI | M | L | S | |
Hypoglycemia | S | S | L | L | NI | L | L | S | |
Parikh et al. 2014 [62] | NICU | S | S | L | L | NI | S | L | S |
Death | S | S | L | L | NI | L | L | S | |
Resende 2015 | NICU | S | S | L | L | NI | S | L | S |
Respiratory outcomes | S | S | L | L | NI | M | L | S | |
Hypoglycemia | S | S | L | L | NI | L | L | S | |
Terada et al. 2014 [50] | Respiratory outcomes | S | S | L | L | NI | M | L | S |
Tita et al. 2009 [38] | NICU | S | S | L | L | NI | S | L | S |
Respiratory outcomes | S | S | L | L | NI | M | L | S | |
Hypoglycemia, sepsis | S | S | L | L | NI | L | L | S | |
Tracy et al. 2007 [63] | NICU | S | S | L | L | NI | S | L | S |
Van d. Berg et al. 2001 [64] | NICU | S | C | L | L | NI | S | L | C |
Respiratory outcomes | S | C | L | L | NI | M | L | C | |
Vidic 2016 | NICU, Apgar score, jaundice | S | S | L | L | NI | S | L | S |
Respiratory outcomes | S | S | L | L | NI | M | L | S | |
Hypoglycemia | S | S | L | L | NI | L | L | S | |
Vilchez et al. 2014 [39] | NICU, Apgar score | S | S | L | L | NI | S | L | S |
Vilchez et al. 2015 [40] | Death | S | S | L | L | NI | L | L | S |
Wilmink et al. 2010 [65] | NICU, Apgar score, jaundice | S | S | L | L | NI | S | L | S |
Death, hypoglycemia, sepsis | S | S | L | L | NI | L | L | S | |
Respiratory outcomes | S | S | L | L | NI | M | L | S | |
Wilmink et al. 2012 [66] | NICU, Apgar score | S | S | L | L | NI | S | L | S |
Death, hypoglycemia, sepsis | S | S | L | L | NI | L | L | S | |
Respiratory outcomes | S | S | L | L | NI | M | L | S | |
Yamazaki et al. 2003 [42] | Respiratory outcomes | S | S | L | L | NI | M | L | S |
Hypoglycemia | S | S | L | L | NI | L | L | S | |
Respiratory outcomes | S | S | L | L | NI | M | L | S | |
Zanardo et al. 2007 [67] | Respiratory outcomes | S | S | L | L | NI | M | L | S |