Secondary outcomes | Digital (n = 42) | Speculum (n = 44) | RR (95% CI) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fidelity to allocated insertion technique | 29 (69) | 32 (73) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.71** |
Use of additional method(s) for ripening | 3 (7) | 1 (2) | 3.1 (0.3–29.0) | 0.28** |
Insertion-to-balloon expulsion or removal interval (hours) | 17.0 ± 5.7 | 15.7 ± 7.1 | 0.34* | |
Epidural analgesia | 8 (19) | 7 (16) | 1.2 (0.5–3.0) | 0.70** |
Oxytocin for labor | 34 (81) | 36 (82) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.92** |
Induction to delivery interval (hours) | 30.7 ± 9.4 | 29.6 ± 11.5 | 0.64* | |
Mode of delivery | 0.285** | |||
Spontaneous vaginal | 15 (36) | 12 (27) | ||
Operative vaginala | 2 (5) | 4 (9) | ||
Cesarean sections | 25 (60) | 28 (64) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 0.7** |
Indication for operative vaginal | 0.22 | |||
Non-reassuring fetal status | 0 (0) | 2 (50) | ||
Failure to progress | 2 (100) | 2 (50) | ||
Indications for Cesarean delivery | 1.1 (0.5–2.8) | 0.81** | ||
Non-reassuring fetal status | 7 (28) | 7 (25) | ||
Failure to progress | 18 (72) | 21 (75) | ||
Postpartum outcomes | ||||
Delivery blood loss (ml) | 300 [250–500] | 350 [250–500] | 0.95*** | |
Postpartum hemorrhage (≥500 ml) | 12 (29) | 12 (27) | 1.0 (0.5–2.1) | 0.89** |
Induction to discharge interval (days) | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 3.4 ± 1.2 | 0.66* | |
Maternal satisfaction (induction to birth) | 7 [6–8] | 7 [7–8]4 | 0.97*** | |
Feverb | 2 (5) | 1 (2) | 2.1 (0.2–22.3) | 0.53** |
Neonatal outcomes | ||||
Birth weight (kg) | 2.94 ± 0.43 | 2.95 ± 0.45 | 0.87* | |
Apgar score at 5 min | 10 [10–10] | 10 [10–10] | 0.13*** | |
Apgar score at 5 min < = 6 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
Apgar score at 1 min | 9 [9–9] | 9 [9–9] | 0.27*** | |
Apgar score at 1 min ≤ 4 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
Admission to neonatal unitc | 5 (12) | 6 (14) | 0.9 (0.3–2.6) | 0.81** |
Indication for admission | ||||
Transient tachypnea | 1 (25) | 1 (17) | ||
Severe neonatal jaundice | 1 (25) | |||
Presumed sepsis | 1 (25) | 1 (17) | ||
Observe for heart block | 1 (17) | |||
Hypoglycemia | 1 (17) | |||
Grunting | 1 (25) | |||
Congenital pneumonia | 1 (25) | |||
Mild bilateral ventriculomegaly | 1 (17) | |||
Meconium aspiration syndrome | 1 (17) | |||
Umbilical cord artery blood pH | 7.3 ± 0.06 | 7.3 ± 0.06 | 0.19* | |
pH ≤ 7.1 | 0 (0) | 0(0) | ||
Umbilical cord artery blood base excess | −4.7 ± 2.9 | −5.1 ± 3.2 | 0.50* | |
Base excess ≤ −8 | 6 (14) | 7 (16) | 0.84** |