From: Maternal cardiovascular adaptation to twin pregnancy: a population-based prospective cohort study
Singleton (n = 8107) | Twin (n = 91) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Intake | |||
Maternal age (years) | 29.5 (5.3) | 32.1 (4.4) | < 0.001 |
Non-Western ethnicity (%) | 3660 (45.1) | 27 (29.7) | 0.01 |
Lower education (%) | 4978 (61.4) | 46 (50.5) | 0.05 |
Nulliparous (%) | 4761 (58.7) | 44 (48.4) | 0.04 |
Assisted conception (%) | 539 (6.6) | 14 (15.4) | 0.001 |
BMI at intake (kg/m2) | 24.1 (19.5 to 34.0) | 24.1 (19.1 to 36.0) | 0.37 |
Smoking during pregnancy (%) | 2382 (29.4) | 28 (30.8) | 0.68 |
Early pregnancy | |||
sFLT (pg./mL) | 5.1 (2.2 to 12.0) | 8.1 (3.6 to 15.8) | < 0.001 |
PGF (pg./mL) | 43.4 (17.5 to 157.7) | 46.6 (16.2 to 226.2) | 0.62 |
SBP (mmHg) | 115.7 (12.4) | 116.8 (12.0) | 0.45 |
DBP (mmHg) | 68.4 (9.6) | 68.9 (10.1) | 0.68 |
Mid-pregnancy | |||
sFLT (pg./mL) | 5.0 (1.9 to 14.3) | 9.5 (2.7 to 24.6) | < 0.001 |
PGF (pg./mL) | 202.4 (89.1 to 525.4) | 405.0 (108.4 to 1183.8) | < 0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 116.8 (12.1) | 118.9 (12.1) | 0.11 |
DBP (mmHg) | 67.3 (9.4) | 67.5 (9.8) | 0.82 |
Late pregnancy | |||
SBP (mmHg) | 118.3 (12.1) | 119.5 (12.1) | 0.42 |
DBP (mmHg) | 69.2 (9.4) | 71.0 (11.5) | 0.10 |
Birth | |||
Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 40.1 (36.7 to 42.1) | 37.0 (30.8 to 39.5) | < 0.001 |
Premature birth < 37 weeks (%) | 442 (5.5) | 45 (49.5) | < 0.001 |
Premature birth < 34 weeks (%) | 113 (1.4) | 13 (14.3) | < 0.001 |
Birth weight (g) | 3398.9 (561.7) | 2470.2 (620.4) | < 0.001 |
Weight placenta (g) | 633.4 (147.6) | 1016.5 (235.7) | < 0.001 |
Pre-eclampsia (%) | 168 (2.1) | 11 (12.1) | < 0.001 |
Six years after pregnancy | |||
Interval time (years) | 6.1 (5.6 to 7.6) | 6.1 (5.7 to 7.4) | 0.75 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 (19.8 to 36.0) | 24.4 (19.5 to 39.1) | 0.61 |
Central retinal arteriolar calibre (SDS) | 145.3 (16.9) | 143.5 (17.3) | 0.56 |
Central retinal venular calibre (SDS) | 206.9 (22.5) | 206.3 (24.5) | 0.89 |
Pulse wave velocity (m/s) | 7.6 (1.1) | 7.4 (0.9) | 0.45 |
Fractional shortening | 37.0 (4.9) | 36.4 (4.6) | 0.37 |
Aortic root diameter (mm) | 27.7 (2.9) | 27.8 (2.8) | 0.98 |
Left atrial diameter (mm) | 33.9 (3.8) | 34.2 (3.8) | 0.48 |
Left ventricular mass (g) | 127.0 (84.0 to 187.0) | 133.0 (88.2 to 200.0) | 0.05 |
SBP (mmHg) | 119.4 (13.1) | 119.3 (13.7) | 0.97 |
DBP (mmHg) | 71.0 (10.1) | 70.1 (10.5) | 0.51 |
Ten years after pregnancy | |||
Interval time (years) | 9.8 (9.4 to 10.6) | 9.8 (9.3 to 10.4) | 0.27 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9 (20.0 to 36.2) | 24.9 (20.3 to 39.9) | 0.63 |
IMT (mm) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.22 |
Distensibility (10−3/kPa) | 31.3 (18.8 to 49.1) | 31.9 (18.6 to 51.4) | 0.37 |
SBP (mmHg) | 114.6 (12.8) | 111.2 (13.4) | 0.13 |
DBP (mmHg) | 68.6 (8.2) | 67.3 (9.3) | 0.40 |