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Table 1 Baseline characteristics (n = 8198)

From: Maternal cardiovascular adaptation to twin pregnancy: a population-based prospective cohort study

 

Singleton

(n = 8107)

Twin

(n = 91)

P-value

Intake

 Maternal age (years)

29.5 (5.3)

32.1 (4.4)

< 0.001

 Non-Western ethnicity (%)

3660 (45.1)

27 (29.7)

0.01

 Lower education (%)

4978 (61.4)

46 (50.5)

0.05

 Nulliparous (%)

4761 (58.7)

44 (48.4)

0.04

 Assisted conception (%)

539 (6.6)

14 (15.4)

0.001

 BMI at intake (kg/m2)

24.1 (19.5 to 34.0)

24.1 (19.1 to 36.0)

0.37

 Smoking during pregnancy (%)

2382 (29.4)

28 (30.8)

0.68

Early pregnancy

 sFLT (pg./mL)

5.1 (2.2 to 12.0)

8.1 (3.6 to 15.8)

< 0.001

 PGF (pg./mL)

43.4 (17.5 to 157.7)

46.6 (16.2 to 226.2)

0.62

 SBP (mmHg)

115.7 (12.4)

116.8 (12.0)

0.45

 DBP (mmHg)

68.4 (9.6)

68.9 (10.1)

0.68

Mid-pregnancy

 sFLT (pg./mL)

5.0 (1.9 to 14.3)

9.5 (2.7 to 24.6)

< 0.001

 PGF (pg./mL)

202.4 (89.1 to 525.4)

405.0 (108.4 to 1183.8)

< 0.001

 SBP (mmHg)

116.8 (12.1)

118.9 (12.1)

0.11

 DBP (mmHg)

67.3 (9.4)

67.5 (9.8)

0.82

Late pregnancy

 SBP (mmHg)

118.3 (12.1)

119.5 (12.1)

0.42

 DBP (mmHg)

69.2 (9.4)

71.0 (11.5)

0.10

Birth

 Gestational age at birth (weeks)

40.1 (36.7 to 42.1)

37.0 (30.8 to 39.5)

< 0.001

 Premature birth < 37 weeks (%)

442 (5.5)

45 (49.5)

< 0.001

 Premature birth < 34 weeks (%)

113 (1.4)

13 (14.3)

< 0.001

 Birth weight (g)

3398.9 (561.7)

2470.2 (620.4)

< 0.001

 Weight placenta (g)

633.4 (147.6)

1016.5 (235.7)

< 0.001

 Pre-eclampsia (%)

168 (2.1)

11 (12.1)

< 0.001

Six years after pregnancy

 Interval time (years)

6.1 (5.6 to 7.6)

6.1 (5.7 to 7.4)

0.75

 BMI (kg/m2)

24.8 (19.8 to 36.0)

24.4 (19.5 to 39.1)

0.61

 Central retinal arteriolar calibre (SDS)

145.3 (16.9)

143.5 (17.3)

0.56

 Central retinal venular calibre (SDS)

206.9 (22.5)

206.3 (24.5)

0.89

 Pulse wave velocity (m/s)

7.6 (1.1)

7.4 (0.9)

0.45

 Fractional shortening

37.0 (4.9)

36.4 (4.6)

0.37

 Aortic root diameter (mm)

27.7 (2.9)

27.8 (2.8)

0.98

 Left atrial diameter (mm)

33.9 (3.8)

34.2 (3.8)

0.48

 Left ventricular mass (g)

127.0 (84.0 to 187.0)

133.0 (88.2 to 200.0)

0.05

 SBP (mmHg)

119.4 (13.1)

119.3 (13.7)

0.97

 DBP (mmHg)

71.0 (10.1)

70.1 (10.5)

0.51

Ten years after pregnancy

 Interval time (years)

9.8 (9.4 to 10.6)

9.8 (9.3 to 10.4)

0.27

 BMI (kg/m2)

24.9 (20.0 to 36.2)

24.9 (20.3 to 39.9)

0.63

 IMT (mm)

0.6 (0.1)

0.6 (0.1)

0.22

 Distensibility (10−3/kPa)

31.3 (18.8 to 49.1)

31.9 (18.6 to 51.4)

0.37

 SBP (mmHg)

114.6 (12.8)

111.2 (13.4)

0.13

 DBP (mmHg)

68.6 (8.2)

67.3 (9.3)

0.40

  1. Data are represented as n (%), mean (SD) or as the median with the 90% range. Differences in baseline characteristics were tested using Student’s t, Mann-Whitney U and Chi-Square tests. Abbreviations: BMI Body mass index, sFLT Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1, PGF Placental growth factor, SBP Systolic blood pressure, DBP Diastolic blood pressure, IMT Intima media thickness