Table 1 Respondent’s characteristics divided into environmental, predisposing and enabling factors
Variable | Total | No ANC (%) | 1–3 times ANC (%) | 4+ ANC (%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environmental Factor | |||||
Province | |||||
Province 1 | 575 | 26 (4.5) | 103 (17.9) | 446 (77.6) | < 0.001 |
Province 2 | 759 | 37 (4.90) | 302 (39.8) | 420 (55.3) | |
Province 3 | 434 | 28 (6.5) | 70 (16.1) | 336 (77.4) | |
Province 4 | 436 | 29 (6.7) | 74 (17) | 333 (76.4) | |
Province 5 | 651 | 32 (4.90 | 137 (21) | 482 (74) | |
Province 6 | 602 | 74 (12.3) | 170 (28.2) | 358 (59.5) | |
Province 7 | 549 | 26 (4.7) | 103 (18.8) | 420 (76.5) | |
Residence | |||||
Urban | 2338 | 112 (4.8) | 465 (19.9) | 1761 (75.3) | < 0.001 |
Rural | 1668 | 140 (8.4) | 494 (29.6) | 1034 (62) | |
Predisposing Factor | |||||
Age years | |||||
15–19 | 344 | 10 (2.9) | 79 (23) | 255 (74.1) | < 0.001 |
20–29 | 2657 | 130 (4.9) | 624 (23.5) | 1903 (71.6) | |
30–49 | 1005 | 112 (11.1) | 256 (25.5) | 637 (63.4) | |
Ethnicity | |||||
Brahmin/Chettri | 1361 | 76 (5.6) | 241 (17.7) | 1044 (76.7) | < 0.001 |
Janjati | 1266 | 92 (7.3) | 265 (20.9) | 909 (71.8) | |
Dalit | 584 | 42 (7.2) | 166 (28.4) | 376 (64.4) | |
Muslim | 229 | 7 (3.1) | 101 (44.1) | 121 (52.8) | |
Others | 566 | 35 (6.2) | 186 (32.9) | 345 (61) | |
Religion | |||||
Hindu | 3487 | 225 (6.5) | 796 (22.8) | 2466 (70.7) | < 0.001 |
Non-Hindu | 519 | 27 (5.25) | 163 (31.4) | 329 (63.4) | |
Level of education | |||||
No education | 1231 | 153 (12.4) | 452 (36.7) | 626 (50.90) | < 0.001 |
Primary | 763 | 54 (7.1) | 215 (28.2) | 494 (64.7) | |
Secondary | 1396 | 40 (2.9) | 249 (17.8) | 1107 (79.3) | |
Higher | 616 | 5 (0.8) | 43 (7) | 568 (92.2) | |
Respondent’s Occupation | |||||
Didn’t work | 1441 | 95 (6.6) | 347 (24.1) | 999 (69.3) | 0.217 |
Skilled worker | 466 | 36 (7.7) | 94 (20.2) | 336 (72.1) | |
Unskilled worker | 114 | 9 (7.9) | 32 (28.1) | 73 (64) | |
Agriculture | 1985 | 112 (5.6) | 486 (24.5) | 1387 (69.9) | |
Enabling Factor | |||||
Wealth Index of family | |||||
Poor | 1879 | 200 (10.6) | 520 (27.7) | 1159 (61.7) | < 0.001 |
Middle | 822 | 22 (2.7) | 225 (27.4) | 575 (70) | |
Rich | 1305 | 30 (2.3) | 214 (16.4) | 1061 (18.3) | |
Provincial GDP per capita ($) (USD) | |||||
< 718 (national average) level) | 2561 | 169 (6.6) | 712 (27.8) | 1680 (65.5) | < 0.001 |
718–1000 | 1011 | 55 (5.4) | 177 (17.5) | 779 (77.1) | |
> 1000 | 434 | 28 (6.5) | 70 (16.1) | 336 (77.4) | |
Partner’s Education Status (n = 3130) | |||||
No education | 504 | 65 (12.9) | 196 (38.9) | 243 (48.2) | < 0.001 |
Primary | 840 | 81 (9.6) | 252 (30) | 507 (60.4) | |
Secondary | 1867 | 80 (40.3) | 397 (21.3) | 1390 (74.5) | |
Higher | 2626 | 17 (2.3) | 105 (13.9) | 632 (83.8) | |
Sex of household head | |||||
Male | 2746 | 173 (6.3) | 680 (24.8) | 1893 (68.9) | 0.187 |
Female | 1181 | 79 (6.3) | 279 (22.1) | 902 (71.6) | |
Healthcare Decision maker | |||||
Herself | 848 | 59 (7) | 166 (19.6) | 623 (73.5) | 0.003 |
Women and someone else | 1149 | 58 (5) | 274 (23.8) | 817 (71.1) | |
Others | 1973 | 126 (6.4) | 511 (25.9) | 1336 (67.7) | |
Exposure to Newspaper | |||||
Not at all | 3033 | 237 (7.8) | 868 (28.6) | 1928 (63.6) | < 0.001 |
Less than once a week | 791 | 14 (1.8) | 81 (10.2) | 696 (88) | |
At least once a week | 182 | 1 (0.5) | 10 (5.5) | 171 (94) | |
Exposure to Radio | |||||
Not at all | 1696 | 135 (8) | 540 (31.8) | 1021 (60.2) | < 0.001 |
Less than once a week | 1271 | 67 (5.3) | 242 (19) | 962 (75.7) | |
At least once a week | 1039 | 50 (4.8) | 177 (17) | 812 (78.2) | |
Exposure to Television | |||||
Not at all | 1519 | 168 (11.1) | 501 (33) | 850 (56) | < 0.001 |
Less than once a week | 893 | 43 (4.8) | 217 (24.3) | 633 (70.9) | |
At least once a week | 1594 | 41 (2.6) | 241 (15.1) | 1312 (82.3) | |