Table 1 Proportion with convicted father by characteristics of birth (N = 1,478,703)
From: Paternal violent criminality and preterm birth: a Swedish national cohort study
Conviction status of the father | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No crime conviction | Non-violent crime | Violent crime | ||||
n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |
Parity | ||||||
1 | 414,872 | (44.5) | 179,329 | (41.5) | 50,231 | (43.5) |
2–3 | 479,359 | (51.5) | 225,703 | (52.3) | 55,386 | (48.0) |
4 or higher | 37,399 | (4.0) | 26,685 | (6.2) | 9739 | (8.4) |
Maternal age | ||||||
11–19 years | 8818 | (1.0) | 8071 | (1.9) | 6306 | (5.5) |
20–24 years | 109,621 | (11.8) | 65,636 | (15.2) | 28,130 | (24.4) |
25–29 years | 316,388 | (34) | 143,304 | (33.2) | 37,525 | (32.5) |
30–34 years | 333,008 | (35.7) | 139,043 | (32.2) | 28,061 | (24.3) |
≥ 35 years | 163,795 | (17.6) | 75,663 | (17.5) | 15,334 | (13.3) |
Paternal age | ||||||
11–19 years | 2130 | (0.2) | 1632 | (0.4) | 1527 | (1.3) |
20–24 years | 47,613 | (5.1) | 26,316 | (6.1) | 14,074 | (12.2) |
25–29 years | 226,876 | (24.4) | 100,043 | (23.2) | 30,947 | (26.8) |
30–34 years | 348,732 | (37.4) | 145,557 | (33.7) | 33,415 | (29.0) |
≥ 35 years | 306,279 | (32.9) | 158,169 | (36.6) | 35,393 | (30.7) |
Maternal education | ||||||
Compulsory school ≤9 years | 57,410 | (6.2) | 55,070 | (12.8) | 30,537 | (26.5) |
Secondary school | 189,962 | (20.4) | 124,545 | (28.9) | 35,503 | (30.8) |
University < 3 years | 386,587 | (41.5) | 170,670 | (39.5) | 39,261 | (34.0) |
University ≥3 years | 297,671 | (32.0) | 81,432 | (18.9) | 10,055 | (8.7) |
Paternal education | ||||||
Compulsory school ≤9 years | 69,536 | (7.5) | 72,805 | (16.9) | 39,013 | (33.8) |
Secondary school | 244,316 | (26.2) | 165,265 | (38.3) | 46,473 | (40.3) |
University < 3 years | 382,884 | (41.1) | 142,633 | (33.0) | 25,407 | (22.0) |
University ≥3 years | 234,894 | (25.2) | 51,014 | (11.8) | 4463 | (3.9) |
Quintile of household income per person | ||||||
Below 20 percentile | 85,323 | (9.2) | 66,065 | (15.3) | 32,261 | (28.0) |
20–40 percentile | 167,265 | (18.0) | 90,014 | (20.9) | 29,265 | (25.4) |
40–60 percentile | 208,938 | (22.4) | 94,213 | (21.8) | 23,972 | (20.8) |
60–80 percentile | 229,877 | (24.7) | 92,402 | (21.4) | 18,459 | (16.0) |
Above 80 percentile | 240,097 | (25.8) | 88,934 | (20.6) | 11,323 | (9.8) |
Missing | 130 | (0) | 89 | (0) | 76 | (0.1) |
Family situation | ||||||
Co-habiting with the father | 860,329 | (92.4) | 386,555 | (89.5) | 95,127 | (82.5) |
Not co-habiting with the father | 21,880 | (2.4) | 20,120 | (4.7) | 13,636 | (11.8) |
Missing | 49,421 | (5.3) | 25,042 | (5.8) | 6593 | (5.7) |
Maternal smoking status | ||||||
No smoking | 824,035 | (88.5) | 344,162 | (79.7) | 75,964 | (65.9) |
1–9 cigarettes/d | 45,650 | (4.9) | 44,509 | (10.3) | 21,545 | (18.7) |
10+ cigarettes/d | 17,434 | (1.9) | 21,584 | (5.0) | 12,218 | (10.6) |
Missing | 44,511 | (4.8) | 21,462 | (5.0) | 5629 | (4.9) |
Maternal BMI | ||||||
Underweight (< 18.5) | 17,258 | (1.9) | 9169 | (2.1) | 3366 | (2.9) |
Normal weight (18.5 to 25) | 534,722 | (57.4) | 239,557 | (55.5) | 62,497 | (54.2) |
Overweight (25 to 30) | 191,187 | (20.5) | 87,312 | (20.2) | 23,320 | (20.2) |
Obese Class I (30 to 35) | 56,443 | (6.1) | 27,494 | (6.4) | 7925 | (6.9) |
Obese Class II (≥35) | 21,753 | (2.3) | 11,082 | (2.6) | 3218 | (2.8) |
Missing | 110,267 | (11.8) | 57,103 | (13.2) | 15,030 | (13.0) |
Paternal psychiatric diagnosis | ||||||
At least once | 51,426 | (5.5) | 44,653 | (10.3) | 30,628 | (26.6) |
Maternal psychiatric diagnosis | ||||||
At least once | 104,608 | (11.2) | 64,186 | (14.9) | 27,652 | (24.0) |
Paternal alcohol use disorder | ||||||
At least once | 6480 | (0.7) | 15,001 | (3.5) | 15,292 | (13.3) |
Maternal alcohol use disorder | ||||||
At least once | 5717 | (0.6) | 6125 | (1.4) | 4276 | (3.7) |
Paternal drug use disorder | ||||||
At least once | 1474 | (0.2) | 6975 | (1.6) | 12,793 | (11.1) |
Maternal drug use disorder | ||||||
At least once | 3814 | (0.4) | 4635 | (1.1) | 4944 | (4.3) |
Having a maternal half-sibling | ||||||
Yes | 62,717 | (6.7) | 49,391 | (11.4) | 24,319 | (21.1) |
Maternal conviction | ||||||
No crime conviction | 862,801 | (92.6) | 373,780 | (86.6) | 85,722 | (74.3) |
Non-violent crime | 63,857 | (6.9) | 51,986 | (12.0) | 23,630 | (20.5) |
Violent crime | 4972 | (0.5) | 5951 | (1.4) | 6004 | (5.2) |