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Table 2 Summary of themes and clusters of themes

From: Primiparous women’s experiences of normal vaginal delivery in Iran: a qualitative study

Themes

Sub-themes

Clusters of sub-themes

Immersion in stress

Loss threat

Fear of damage to the newborn

Fear of abnormal newborn

Fear of death

Fear of damage to genital organs

Stressful context

Concern induced by unfamiliar environment

Induced concerns

Pain, the essence of NVD

Temporary impairment in physiologic harmony

Paradoxical emotions

Pleasant experiences

Unpleasant experiences

Strategies for situation management

Self-management

Emotional support

Spiritual support