Predictor variables | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ANC 4+ | ANC&SBA | ANC,SBA&PNC | ||||
Fixed Effects | ||||||
Individual level factors | ||||||
Women’s education | ||||||
- Below primary educationa | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | … .. |
- Primary education | 1.51(1.04,2.22) | 0.033a | 2.16(1.33,3.49) | 0.002a | 0.92(0.46,1.85) | 0.82 |
- Secondary and above | 3.02(1.16,7.83) | 0.024a | 5.93(1.92, 18.34) | 0.002a | 1.94(0.33,11.54) | 0.46 |
Husbands education | ||||||
- Below primary education | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | … .. | 1.00 | – |
- Primary education | 1.97(1.34,2.90) | 0.001 | 1.63(1.01,2.64) | 0.04a | 1.01(0.42,2.44) | 0.94 |
- Secondary and above | 1.13(0.46,2.74) | a0.79 | 1.58(0.57,4.41) | 0.38 | 2.48(1.07,5.73) | 0.005a |
Women’s Occupation | ||||||
- Employed | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | … . | 1.00 | – |
- Farmer | 7.35E5(9.49E6,0.001) | 0.00 | 1.03(0.08,14.02) | 0.99 | 0.27(0.10,0.78) | 0.015a |
- Merchant | 8.02E5(7.62E-6,0.001) | 0.00 | 2.73(0.18, 42.33) | 0.47 | 3.07(0.38,24.55) | 0.29 |
- House wife | 6.30E5(7.57E-6,0.001) | 0.00 | 2.97(0.41, 21.74) | 0.28 | 3.61(1.08,12.07) | 0.04a |
- Others | 0.0001(1.02-E,0.001) | 0.00 | 8.23(0.68, 99.89) | 0.10 | 1.19(0.21,6.69) | 0.84 |
Husband’s Occupation | ||||||
- Employed | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | … | 1.00 | – |
- Farmer | 0.19(0.01, 2.49) | 0.20a | 0.68(0.21, 2.21) | 0.53 | 5.32(0.95,29.74) | 0.06 |
- Merchant | 0.21(0.02,2.72) | 0.19 | 0.60(0.14, 2.56) | 0.49 | 0.92(0.13,6.49) | 0.93 |
- Others | 0.27(0.03,2.70) | 0.27 | 0.26(0.08, 0.89) | 0.03a | 3.78(0.66,21.62) | 0.14 |
Religion | ||||||
- Orthodox Christian | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | |
- Others | 0.74(0.33,1.65) | 0.48 | 0.58(0.27,1.27) | 0.17 | 0.42(0.14,1.30) | 0.13 |
Age of the mother | ||||||
- 35+ years | 1.00. | – | 1.00 | … … . | 1.00 | – |
- 25–34 years | 1.52(0.99, 2.33) | 0.052 | 2.25(1.44, 3.53) | 0.001a | 0.44(0.18,1.06) | 0.07 |
- 15–24 years | 6.15 (2.41, 16.48) | 0.000a | 6.96(3.33,14.54) | 0.001a | 2.33(0.59,9.06) | 0.22 |
Birth interval | ||||||
- < 24 months | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
- 24–33 months | 0.73(0.21, 2.59) | 0.03a | 0.30(0.12,0.76) | 0.01a | 0.39 (0.08,1.92) | 0.25 |
- 34–59 months | 1.25(0.44,3.53) | 0.68 | 0.44(0.18,1.08) | 0.07 | 0.36(0.07,1.91) | 0.23 |
- > = 60 months | 2.48(0.77, 8.04) | 0.13 | 1.22(0.45,3.28) | 0.69 | 0.36(0.06,2.35) | 0.29 |
Intendedness of the pregnancy | ||||||
- Intended | 2.24(1.13,4.43) | 0.02a | 6.28(1.56,25.31) | 0.01a | 2.09(0.66,6.69) | 0.21 |
- Not Intended | 1.00 | 1.00 | … .. | 1.00 | … … | |
History of poor fetal outcome | ||||||
- Yes | 0.99(0.48, 2.06) | 0.98 | 0.87(0.48,1.57) | 0.64 | 0.30(0.12,0.79) | 0.02a |
- No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Complications encountered during the last pregnancy | ||||||
- Yes | 1.23 (0.56,2.70) | 0.61 | 2.73(1.44, 5.19) | 0.002a | 1.07(0.60,1.89) | 0.82 |
- No | 1.00 | … … | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | _____ |
Knowledge on danger signs of pregnancy | ||||||
- Knowledgeable | 3.31(2.02, 5.41) | 0.001a | 9.71(4.56,20.68) | 0.001a | 2.64(1.27,5.49) | 0.01 |
- Not knowledgeable | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | |
Household wealth index | ||||||
- Higher | 2.21(1.12,4.34) | 0.02a | 0.98(0.60,1.59) | 0.91 | 0.59(0.29,1.16) | 0.13 |
- Middle | 2.15(1.50,3.09) | 0.001 | 1.27(0.85,1.90) | 0.24 | 0.89()0.52,1.56) | 0.70 |
- Lower | 1.00 | – | 11.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Timing of first ANC | ||||||
- within 16 weeks | – | – | – | – | 7.53(2.94,19.29) | 0.001a |
- After 16 weeks | – | – | – | – | 1.00 | |
Content of ANC | ||||||
- Appropriate | – | – | – | – | 3.31(1.08,10.16) | 0.04a |
- Inappropriate | – | – | – | – | 1.00 | |
Mode of delivery | ||||||
- SVD | – | – | – | – | 0.36(0.20,0.68) | 0.001 |
- Assisted/surgery | – | – | – | – | 1.00 | – |
Community level factors | ||||||
Type of residence | ||||||
- Urban | 1.51(0.83,2.76) | 0.18 | 4.08(2.63,6.31) | 0.000a | 1.30(0.53,3.15) | 0.57 |
- Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | … .. | |
Health facility readiness level | ||||||
- High Readiness | 3.53(1.27,9.82) | 0.02a | 3.07(1.27,7.41) | 0.021a | 1.18(0.44,3.16) | 0.57 |
- Medium readiness | 2.25(0.68,7.43) | 0.18 | 1.41(0.65,3.06) | 0.38 | 1.49(0.79,2.80) | 0.21 |
- Low readiness | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Random Effects | ||||||
Variance(τ20) | 0.952(0.56) | 0.371(0.26) | 0.440(0.39) | |||
ICC | 0.224 | 0.101 | 0.118 | |||
-2LL | 3259.902 | 5072.391 | 1765.477 |