Potential contributions of an on-site nurse mentoring program on neonatal mortality reductions in rural Karnataka state, South India: evidence from repeat community cross-sectional surveys

Banadakoppa Manjappa, Ramesh; Kar, Arin; Jayanna, Krishnamurthy; Hallad, Jyothi S.; Cunningham, Troy; Potty, Rajaram; Mohan, H. L.; Crockett, Maryanne; Bradley, Janet; Fischer, Elizabeth; Sudarshan, H.; Blanchard, James F.; Moses, Stephen; Avery, Lisa

doi:10.1186/s12884-020-02942-8

Table 3 Population and health care characteristics according to place of delivery, at baseline and endline

From: Potential contributions of an on-site nurse mentoring program on neonatal mortality reductions in rural Karnataka state, South India: evidence from repeat community cross-sectional surveys

Characteristic	Deliveries in nurse mentor supported facilities			Deliveries in facilities not supported by nurse mentors			Home deliveries			Total deliveries
Characteristic	Base-line	End-line	P	Base-line	End-line	p	Base-line	End-line	p	Base-line	End-line	p
Maternal age
< 20 years	31.1	32.4	0.75	31.5	30.7	0.77	22.4	31.0	0.01	29.0	31.1	0.30
20+ years	68.9	67.7		68.6	69.3		77.6	39.3		71.0	68.9
Maternal literacy
Literate	47.5	47.9	0.93	58.9	60.9	0.47	28.0	30.0	0.60	48.1	52.4	0.09
Illiterate	52.5	52.1		41.2	39.1		72.0	70.0		51.9	47.6
Maternal work
Housework	51.1	44.8	0.14	58.7	59.0	0.94	39.5	34.3	0.24	51.9	51.3	0.80
Other	48.9	55.2		41.3	41.0		60.5	65.7		48.1	48.7
Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste/tribe	35.1	42.9	0.24	31.8	36.0	0.37	41.6	50.1	0.23	35.2	40.1	0.29
Other	64.9	57.1		68.2	64.0		58.4	49.9		64.8	59.9
Religion
Hindu	88.6	92.6	0.13	89.1	88.8	0.91	90.2	91.4	0.68	89.3	90.2	0.63
Other	11.4	7.4		10.9	11.2		9.8	5.6		10.7	9.8
Wealth index quintiles
4–5	32.7	29.3	0.42	26.3	21.7	0.11	40.5	43.0	0.72	31.6	27.3	0.11
3	31.3	35.9		29.2	33.3		34.0	30.9		30.9	33.5
1–2	36.0	34.8		44.5	45.0		25.5	26.1		37.5	39.3
First ANC
In 1st trimester	67.0	75.5	0.03	70.4	77.1	0.02	50.8	57.3	0.13	64.4	73.2	< 0.01
Later/never	33.0	24.5		29.6	22.9		49.2	42.7		35.6	26.8
# of ANC checkups
3 or more	77.9	87.1	< 0.01	86.1	90.3	0.01	64.1	69.2	0.18	78.4	85.8	< 0.01
< 3 or none	22.1	12.9		13.9	9.7		35.9	30.8		21.6	14.2
2 TT injections
Yes	90.1	93.9	0.17	9.0	95.5	0.01	83.5	85.6	0.50	89.3	93.4	< 0.01
No	9.9	6.1		8.0	4.5		16.5	14.4		10.7	6.6
Consumed 100 IFA tablets
Yes	14.0	24.2	< 0.01	17.8	28.8	< 0.01	10.0	18.7	< 0.01	14.9	25.9	< 0.01
No	86.0	75.8		82.2	71.2		90.0	81.3		85.1	74.1
ASHA¹meeting frequency (ANC)
At least once a month	44.4	55.0	0.03	41.6	52.5	< 0.01	34.4	43.5	0.02	40.4	51.5	< 0.01
Once in 3 months/ less	55.6	45.0		58.4	47.5		65.6	56.5		59.6	48.5
Pregnancy complication²
Any	50.6	43.4	0.06	58.3	48.3	< 0.01	47.7	36.2	0.01	53.7	45.0	< 0.01
None	49.4	56.6		41.7	51.7		52.3	63.8		46.3	55.0
Transportation to delivery facility
Ambulance	23.6	31.9	0.02	27.8	33.6	0.04	NA	NA	NA	26.4	33.1	0.01
Other	76.4	68.1		72.2	66.4					73.6	66.9
Delivery type
Normal	98.7	99.4	0.32	80.1	77.6	0.30	99.8	99.7	0.74	89.6	86.7	0.03
Other³	1.3	0.6		19.9	22.4		0.2	0.3		10.4	13.3
Delivery outcome
Single	100.0	98.8	< 0.01	96.6	97.2	0.71	98.8	99.2	0.71	98.0	97.9	0.93
Multiple	0.0	1.2		3.4	2.8		1.2	0.8		2.0	2.1
Child’s sex
Male	50.8	49.9	0.82	51.2	52.9	0.51	55.2	49.1	0.16	52.2	51.5	0.77
Female	49.2	50.1		48.8	47.1		44.8	50.9		47.8	48.5
Delivery complication⁴
Any	20.5	13.3	0.03	24.5	23.1	0.56	11.5	10.7	0.76	20.1	18.6	0.39
None	79.5	86.7		75.6	76.9		88.5	89.3		79.9	81.5
Birth weight
< 2500 g	11.8	13.0	0.64	14.5	16.3	0.32	6.0	5.5	0.24	11.6	14.1	0.06
Other	88.2	87.0		85.5	83.7		94.0	91.5		88.4	85.6
Postnatal care either at home or at facility
Yes	54.6	84.8	< 0.01	59.2	89.2	< 0.01	39.4	42.1	0.57	52.9	79.8	< 0.01
No	45.4	15.3		40.8	10.8		60.6	57.9		47.1	20.2
48 h facility stay post delivery
Yes	29.6	34.5	0.26	53.7	61.9	0.01	NA	NA	NA	45.9	54.0	< 0.01
No	70.4	65.5		46.3	38.1					54.1	46.0

¹Accredited Social Health Activist
²Swelling of hands/feet and face, excessive vomiting/giddiness, headache/visual disturbances, weakness/excessive fatigue, convulsions not with fever, weak or no movement of fetus, abnormal position of fetus, jaundice, vaginal bleeding, vaginal discharge, malaria, abdominal pain, preterm/premature rupture of membrane, preterm labour
³Includes Caesarean section and assisted deliveries
⁴Premature labour, preterm/premature rupture of membrane, prolonged labour (> 12 h), obstructed labour, breech/malpresentation
NA Not applicable

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