Table 3 Results of multivariable logistic regressions of early initiation of breastfeeding
| Â | Haiti | Malawi | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Other urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | |||||
AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | |
Department: Haiti (ref = Artibonite) | ||||||||
 Ouest | 0.7 | 0.2–2.8 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.5 |  |  |  |  |
 Sud-Est | 0.6 | 0.2–2.4 | 0.6 | 0.3–1.1 |  |  |  |  |
 Nord | 0.9 | 0.5–2.0 | 1.4 | 0.8–2.4 |  |  |  |  |
 Nord-Est | 0.9 | 0.4–2.1 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.2 |  |  |  |  |
 Centre | 0.8 | 0.4–1.9 | 0.4** | 0.2–0.8 |  |  |  |  |
 Sud | 0.3* | 0.1–0.9 | 1.0 | 0.5–1.9 |  |  |  |  |
 Grand-Anse | 2.7* | 1.2–6.0 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.7 |  |  |  |  |
 Nord-Ouest | 1.2 | 0.5–2.9 | 1.1 | 0.6–2.1 |  |  |  |  |
 Nippes | 0.6 | 0.2–1.8 | 0.9 | 0.4–1.9 |  |  |  |  |
Region: Malawi (ref = Northern) | ||||||||
 Central |  |  |  |  | 0.2*** | 0.1–0.3 | 0.7** | 0.5–0.9 |
 Southern |  |  |  |  | 0.4* | 0.2–0.9 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.5 |
Wealth quintile | ||||||||
 Lowest and second | 0.3* | 0.1–0.8 | ref |  | 0.7 | 0.4–1.8 | ref |  |
 Middle | 0.7 | 0.4–1.3 | 0.7 | 0.5–1.1 | 1.7 | 0.6–4.8 | 1.0 | 0.8–1.3 |
 Fourth and highest | ref |  | 0.5* | 0.3–0.9 | ref |  | 0.9 | 0.7–1.2 |
Education (ref = none or primary) | ||||||||
 Secondary or higher | 0.8 | 0.5–1.3 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.5 | 1.0 | 0.6–1.8 | 1.0 | 0.8–1.4 |
Employment (ref = not employed) | ||||||||
 Employed | 1.1 | 0.7–2.0 | 1.4** | 1.1–1.8 | 1.0 | 0.5–1.7 | 0.9 | 0.7–1.1 |
Religion (ref = Christian) | ||||||||
 Other | 1.4 | 0.7–2.9 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.3 | 1.3 | 0.9–2.0 | 0.9 | 0.8–1.1 |
Exposure to mass media (ref = less than once per week) | ||||||||
 At least once per week | 1.1 | 0.6–1.8 | 1.0 | 0.7–1.4 | 2.0* | 1.1–3.7 | 1.0 | 0.8–1.2 |
Currently married (ref = yes) | ||||||||
 No | 1.4 | 0.7–2.8 | 0.7 | 0.5–1.1 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.3 | 1.2 | 1.0–1.6 |
Parity (ref = multiparous) | ||||||||
 Primiparous | 0.7 | 0.4–1.2 | 0.8 | 0.6–1.1 | 0.6 | 0.3–1.0 | 0.8* | 0.6–1.0 |
Size of baby at birth (ref = normal) | ||||||||
 Small or very small | 0.7 | 0.4–1.2 | 1.0 | 0.8–1.4 | 0.9 | 0.4–2.0 | 0.8 | 0.6–1.1 |
 Large or very large | 0.7 | 0.4–1.4 | 1.3 | 0.9–2.0 | 0.5* | 0.3–0.9 | 0.9 | 0.7–1.0 |
Sex of child (ref = female) | ||||||||
 Male | 0.9 | 0.5–1.4 | 1.0 | 0.8–1.2 | 1.7* | 1.0–2.9 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.3 |
Number of ANC visits (ref = one to three) | ||||||||
 Four or more | 0.5* | 0.3–0.9 | 0.9 | 0.7–1.2 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.6 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.4 |
Both SBA and facility delivery (ref = yes) | ||||||||
 Neither or one or the other | 0.8 | 0.4–1.7 | 1.0 | 0.6–1.5 | 0.3* | 0.1–0.9 | 0.7** | 0.5–0.9 |
PNC in the first hour (ref = no) | ||||||||
 Yes | 1.9* | 1.0–3.7 | 1.4 | 0.9–2.3 | 0.5** | 0.3–0.8 | 1.2 | 1.0–1.5 |
Access to ANC breastfeeding counseling (ref = low) | ||||||||
 No data | n/a |  | n/a |  | n/a |  | 0.8 | 0.3–1.7 |
 Medium | 1.3 | 0.8–2.2 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.0 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.2 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.4 |
 High | 0.8 | 0.4–2.0 | 0.6 | 0.4–1.0 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.6 | 1.0 | 0.7–1.3 |
Access to trained providers (ref = low) | ||||||||
 No data | n/a |  | n/a |  | n/a |  | 1.3 | 0.7–2.4 |
 Medium | 2.2** | 1.3–3.5 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.5 | 1.0 | 0.5–1.8 | 1.0 | 0.8–1.3 |
 High | 2.1 | 1.0–4.5 | 1.4 | 0.9–2.0 | 2.1* | 1.1–4.0 | 1.0 | 0.8–1.3 |
Average facility breastfeeding counseling in ANC (ref = low) | ||||||||
 No data | 1.7 | 0.9–3.3 | 0.6 | 0.2–2.0 | 0.3** | 0.2–0.7 | 0.9 | 0.7–1.2 |
 High | 0.7 | 0.4–1.3 | 0.9 | 0.7–1.3 | 1.9* | 1.0–3.5 | 0.9 | 0.7–1.2 |