Table 1 Basic characteristics and outcomes of included studies
Study | Country/region | Sample size (Trial/Control) | TM interventiona | Mean age (year) | College education (%) | Gestational age at enrolment (week) | Outcomeb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carral 2015 [29] | Spain | 77 (30/47) | Web-based system | 33.8 | 22.1 | 21.1 | â‘ |
Dalfra 2009 [30] | Italy | 203 (88/115) | Health device | 34.0 | – | 28.0 | ①④⑦ |
Given 2015 [31] | North Ireland and Ireland | 50 (24/26) | Health device | 31.7 | – | 28.0 | ④⑦⑧⑨⑩⑫ |
Guo 2019 [6] | China | 124 (64/60) | Health app | 30.9 | 55.6 | 24.9 | ①②③④⑦⑪ |
Homko 2007 [32] | USA | 57 (32/25) | Web-based system | 29.5 | 43.9 | 27.6 | ②④⑤⑥⑧⑨⑩⑪⑫ |
Homko 2012 [33] | USA | 80 (40/40) | Web-based system | 30.2 | 60.0 | 28.5 | ②④⑤⑥⑧⑨⑩⑪⑫ |
Mackillop 2018 [7] | UK | 203 (101/102) | Health app | 33.5 | 48.5 | 31.0 | ②④⑤⑦⑧⑨⑪⑫ |
Miremberg 2018 [4] | Israel | 120 (60/60) | Health app | 31.9 | 32.5 | – | ④⑤⑧⑩⑪①|
Perez-Ferre 2010 [34] | Spain | 97 (49/48) | Health app | 33.8 | 15.5 | – | ④⑤⑪⑫ |
Rasekaba 2018 [35] | Australia | 95 (61/34) | Web-based system | 32.0 | – | 28.0 | ②③④⑦⑧ |
Yang 2018 [36] | China | 107 (57/50) | 31.9 | – | – | ②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨⑪⑫ | |
Carolan-Olah 2019 [37] | Australia | 110 (52/58) | Web-based system | 31.7 | 47.3 | 28–30 | ⑦ |
Kim 2019 [3] | Korea | 44 (22/22) | Web-based system | 35.8 | 97.7 | 27.4 | â‘ â‘¡ |
Gao 2017 [18] | China | 58 (28/30) | Health app | 27.8 | 31.0 | – | ①②③ |
Hua 2018 [19] | China | 120 (60/60) | 27.6 | 25.8 | 24.0 | ①②③④⑦⑪⑫ | |
Zhang 2018 [38] | China | 80 (40/40) | Health app | 29.5 | – | 26.9 | ②③ |
Zhao 2018 [39] | China | 60 (30/30) | Health app | – | – | – | ②③ |
Zeng 2017 [40] | China | 86 (43/43) | – | 74.4 | – | ④⑪ | |
Fang 2017 [41] | China | 60 (30/30) | 30.8 | – | 23.0 | ①②③④⑥⑦⑨⑪⑫⑬ | |
Ge 2017 [23] | China | 586 (308/278) | 30.5 | 45.1 | 26.0 | ④⑦ | |
Huang 2016 [42] | China | 80 (40/40) | 39.0 | 28.8 | 36.7 | ①②③④ | |
Jiang 2017 [43] | China | 150 (78/72) | 28.0 | – | 29.5 | ①②③④⑤⑦⑩⑪①| |
Jiang 2019 [44] | China | 200 (100/100) | 28.7 | – | – | ④⑤⑦⑫⑬①| |
Jiang 2016 [20] | China | 120 (60/60) | 25.3 | – | 22.8 | ⑤⑦⑫①| |
Liu 2018 [45] | China | 98 (49/49) | Health device | 27.8 | – | 30.3 | ①②③ |
Lu 201 [21] | China | 280 (140/140) | 26.1 | 47.9 | – | ①②③⑤⑦⑫⑬①| |
Luo 2017 [46] | China | 107 (57/50) | 31.9 | – | – | ②④⑥ | |
Shao 2018 [47] | China | 410 (205/205) | 30.5 | 52.9 | – | ②③⑦ | |
Su 2018 [22] | China | 820 (420/400) | Web-based system | 28.2 | 27.0 | – | ②③⑤⑥⑦⑫⑬①|
Weng 2018 [48] | China | 120 (60/60) | 39.5 | 53.3 | 36.6 | ①②③④ | |
Xiao 2016 [24] | China | 206 (103/103) | 29.7 | – | 26.4 | ⑦⑪ | |
Yang 2015 [49] | China | 100 (50/50) | 30.0 | 80.0 | – | ⑤⑥⑦⑫⑬①|