Characteristics | 2005 N = 12037 | 2011 N = 10588 | 2016 N = 11375 | point difference in stillbirth rate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phase 1 2011–2005 | Phase 2 2016–2011 | Phase 3 2016–2005 | ||||
Residence | ||||||
 Urban | 14.7 | 6.3 | 0.8 | −8.4 | −5.5 | −13.9 |
 Rural | 13.2 | 16.8 | 10.2 | 3.6 | −6.6 | −3.0 |
Religion | ||||||
 Orthodox | 13.4 | 17.9 | 12.7 | 4.5 | −5.2 | −0.7 |
 Muslim | 9.8 | 14.7 | 11.0 | 4.9 | − 3.7 | 1.2 |
 Other* | 15.6 | 12.6 | 1.3 | −3.0 | −11.3 | −14.3 |
Maternal age | ||||||
  < 20 | 17.4 | 11.2 | 17.1 | −6.2 | 5.9 | −0.3 |
 20–29 | 12.9 | 18.2 | 9.3 | 5.3 | −8.9 | −3.6 |
 30–39 | 11.5 | 13.1 | 7.8 | 1.6 | −5.3 | −3.7 |
 40 + | 19.4 | 10.8 | 11.4 | −8.6 | 0.6 | −8.0 |
Maternal occupation | ||||||
 Had occupation | 9.6 | 17.5 | 11.8 | 7.9 | −5.7 | 2.2 |
 No occupation | 14.9 | 13.7 | 7.1 | −1.2 | −6.6 | −7.8 |
Women’s education | ||||||
 No education | 14.9 | 17.4 | 10.8 | 2.5 | −6.6 | −4.1 |
 Primary education | 4.4 | 11.0 | 5.9 | 6.6 | −5.1 | 1.5 |
 Secondary and above | 18.8 | 10.6 | 6.4 | −8.2 | −4.2 | −12.4 |
Parity | ||||||
 1 | 26.9 | 32.8 | 16.3 | 5.9 | −16.5 | − 10.6 |
 2–4 | 13.0 | 14.1 | 11.1 | 1.1 | −3.0 | −1.9 |
  ≥ 5 | 13.3 | 12.7 | 5.1 | −0.6 | −7.6 | −8.2 |
Birth order | ||||||
 1–3 | 16.3 | 18.0 | 13.2 | 1.7 | −4.8 | −3.1 |
 4–5 | 6.9 | 14.8 | 6.6 | 7.9 | −8.2 | −0.3 |
  ≥ 6 | 13.5 | 10.9 | 3.8 | −2.6 | −7.1 | −9.7 |
Place of delivery | ||||||
 Home | 12.7 | 15.8 | 8.1 | 3.1 | −7.7 | −4.6 |
 Health facility | 24.5 | 9.5 | 11.3 | −15.0 | 1.8 | −13.2 |
Mode of delivery | ||||||
 Caesarean section | 53.3 | 23.0 | 29.9 | −33.3 | 6.9 | −23.4 |
 Vaginal delivery | 13.0 | 15.1 | 8.5 | 2.1 | −6.6 | −4.5 |
Number of ANC visit | ||||||
 No visit | 15.7 | 21.4 | 15.4 | 5.7 | − 6.0 | −0.3 |
 1–3 visit | 13.0 | 15.9 | 8.3 | 2.9 | −7.6 | −4.7 |
  ≥ 4 visit | 19.5 | 11.0 | 7.0 | −8.5 | −4.0 | −12.5 |
Maternal anemia | ||||||
 Yes | 8.1 | 31.9 | 12.0 | 23.8 | −19.9 | 3.9 |
 No | 14.9 | 11.9 | 7.8 | −3.0 | −4.1 | −7.1 |
Wealth index | ||||||
 Poorest | 10.5 | 17.7 | 9.5 | 6.2 | −8.2 | −1.0 |
 Poorer | 9.7 | 15.6 | 11.5 | 5.9 | −4.1 | 1.8 |
 Middle | 13.8 | 23.5 | 10.2 | 9.7 | −13.3 | −3.6 |
 Richer | 19.0 | 11.6 | 6.9 | −7.4 | −4.7 | −12.1 |
 Richest | 14.1 | 5.9 | 6.2 | −8.2 | 0.3 | −7.9 |
BMI | ||||||
 Thin | 12.3 | 15.0 | 10.4 | 2.7 | −4.6 | −1.9 |
 Normal | 13.7 | 16.3 | 9.1 | 2.6 | −7.2 | −4.6 |
 Overweight | 42.3 | 7.1 | 6.3 | −35.2 | −0.8 | −36.0 |
Maternal height | ||||||
  < 150 cm | 13.0 | 37.3 | 15.3 | 24.3 | −22.0 | 2.3 |
  ≥ 150 cm | 13.0 | 12.4 | 8.4 | −0.6 | −4.0 | −4.6 |
Preceding birth interval | ||||||
  < 24 month | 8.9 | 10.6 | 11.8 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 2.9 |
  ≥ 24 months | 12.1 | 14.1 | 8.6 | 2.0 | −5.5 | −3.5 |
Was the pregnancy wanted | ||||||
 Yes | 11.8 | 15.4 | 9.6 | 3.6 | −5.8 | −2.2 |
 No | 13.6 | 12.6 | 5.0 | −1.0 | −7.6 | −8.6 |
Ever use contraceptive | ||||||
 Yes | 20.4 | 13.5 | 5.9 | −6.9 | −7.6 | −14.5 |
 No | 11.4 | 17.0 | 12.0 | 5.6 | −5.0 | 0.6 |
Media exposure | ||||||
 Yes | 11.4 | 15.5 | 3.3 | 4.1 | −12.2 | −8.1 |
 No | 16.7 | 15.4 | 10.0 | −1.3 | −5.4 | −6.7 |
Overall | 13.3[11.4,15.5] | 15.4[13.2,17.9] | 9.2[7.6,11.1] | 2.1 | −6.2 | −4.1 |