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Table 1 Summary of included studies

From: Clinical interventions that influence vaginal birth after cesarean delivery rates: Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis

Publication year

median 2003 (range 1984–2017)

Country

N (%)

 France, Germany, Hong Kong, Kazakhstan, Morocco, Mozambique, Oman, Poland, Saudi Arabia

1, each (31%)

 India, UK

2, each (14%)

 Israel

3 (10%)

 US

13 (45%)

Funding

N (%)

 Non-industry funded

4 (14%)

 Industry-funded

1 (3%)

 No funding

2 (7%)

 NR

22 (76%)

Study design

N (%)

 RCT

6 (21%)

 Cohort, prospective

12 (41%)

 Cohort, retrospective

11 (38%)

Study sample size

Median 237 (range 32–12,676)

Maternal agea

Range 17-45y

Proportion of women with any prior vaginal deliveryb

Range 12–64%

Interventions - pharmacologic

N (%)

 Pharmacologic (all)

19 (66%)

  PGE2 vs. no PGE2

1 (3%)

  PGE1 vs. spontaneous labor

2 (6%)

  PGE2 vs. spontaneous labor

3 (10%)

  PGE2 vs. expectant management

1 (3%)

  Oxytocin vs. no oxytocin

2 (7%)

  Oxytocin (AUG) vs. expectant management

1 (3%)

  Oxytocin vs. PGE2

1 (3%)

  Oxytocin vs. PGE2 vs. spontaneous labor

1 (3%)

  Oxytocin (IND) vs. oxytocin (AUG) vs. no oxytocin

3 (10%)

  Oxytocin vs. (PGE1 + oxytocin [AUG]) vs. (PGE2 + oxytocin [AUG]) vs. spontaneous labor

1 (3%)

  Oxytocin vs. prostanglandin (NS) vs. (oxytocin+prostaglandin [NS]) vs. amniotomy vs. spontaneous labor

1 (3%)

  Mifepristone +/− prostaglandin (NS) +/− (amniotomy+oxytocin+epidural) vs. placebo

1 (3%)

  Epidural analgesia vs. no epidural analgesia

1 (3%)

Interventions – non-pharmacologic

N (%)

 Non-pharmacologic (all)

3 (10%)

  Membrane sweep vs. spontaneous labor/no intervention

2 (6%)

  Foley catheter 30 mL vs. Foley catheter 80 mL

1 (3%)

Interventions – pharmacologic +/−non-pharmacologic

N (%)

 Pharmacologic +/− non-pharmacologic (all)

7 (24%)

  Oxytocin vs. (PGE1 +/− amniotomy [IND/AUG]) vs. spontaneous labor

1 (3%)

  Foley catheter vs. oxytocin vs. (Foley+oxytocin) vs. PGE2 vs. spontaneous labor

1 (3%)

  Foley catheter +/− oxytocin +/− PGE2 +/− amniotomy vs. spontaneous labor

1 (3%)

  Oxytocin +/− PGE1 +/− Foley catheter vs. expectant management

1 (3%)

  PGE2 vs. PGE2 + balloon catheter

1 (3%)

  Oxytocin vs. Cook balloon + oxytocin

1 (3%)

  Amniotomy vs. oxytocin vs. PGE1 vs. spontaneous labor

1 (3%)

Outcomes

N (%)

 Studies reporting spontaneous onset of labor in addition to VBAC

4 (14%)

 Studies reporting assisted vaginal delivery

8 (28%)

 Studies reporting uterine dehiscencec only

4 (14%)

 Studies reporting uterine dehiscencec and uterine rupture

13 (45%)

 Studies reporting uterine rupture

22 (76%)

  1. NR not reported, NS not specified, PGE1 prostaglandin E1 (e.g., misoprostol), PGE2 prostaglandin E2 (e.g., dinoprostone gel, dinoprostone inserts), RCT randomized controlled trial, UK United Kingdom, US United States, vs versus, y year(s)
  2. a based on studies that provided data on maternal age (n = 21)
  3. b based on studies that provided data on prior vaginal delivery (proportion of women in each study arm, n = 8)
  4. c uterine dehiscence reported heterogeneously among studies, also includes: asymptomatic dehiscence, threatening uterine rupture, incomplete rupture/dehiscence, uterine scar disruption, uterine scar separation, uterine scar dehiscence, scar dehiscence