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Table 6 The dependence of variables on occurrence / experience of abuse (excluding violence) in childbirth (N = 6777)

From: Is there respectful maternity care in Poland? Women’s views about care during labor and birth

 

Abuse (any indication from Bohren)

No abuse

Test

Age (years)

<  25

779 (84.95%)

138 (15.05%)

X2(3) = 28.22 p < 0.001

26–30

2995 (81.83%)

665 (18.17%)

31–35

2399 (79.91%)

603 (20.09%)

>  36

604 (75.59%)

195 (24.41%)

Mode of delivery

Vaginal delivery

4082 (79.45%)

1056 (20.55%)

X2(2) = 21.81 p < 0.001

Instrumental vaginal delivery

183 (88.41%)

24 (11.59%)

Cesarean section

2512 (82.82%)

521 (17.18%)

Place of residence

City above 500,000 inhabitants

1978 (77.66%)

569 (22.34%)

X2(4) = 29.11 p < 0.001

City 100,000–500,000 inhabitants

1452 (82.59%)

306 (17.41%)

City between 50,000–100,000 inhabitants

929 (84.00%)

177 (16.00%)

City below 50,000 inhabitants

1234 (82.21%)

267 (17.79%)

Village

1184 (80.76%)

282 (19.24%)

Education

Elementary/Middle School

66 (88.00%)

9 (12.00%)

X2(3) = 8.05 P < 0.05

Trade School

87 (79.09%)

23 (20.91%)

High School

1314 (82.90%)

271 (17.10%)

Higher School

5310 (80.36%)

1298 (19.64%)

Parenting school

Yes

3651 (83.47%)

723 (16.53%)

X2(1) = 39.41 p < 0.001

No

3126 (78.07%)

878 (21.93%)

Childbirth with an accompanying person

Yes

4915 (81.60%)

1108 (18.40%)

X2(1) = 7.06 P < 0.01

No

1862 (79.07%)

493 (20.93%)