Table 1 Characteristics of mothers and their preterm and full-term newborns
Variables | Preterm | Full-term | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Mothers | |||
Age (years) (n = 129) | 26.4 ± 7.1 | 25.8 ± 6.9 | 0.6151 |
Pre-gestational body mass index (kg/m2) (n = 108) | 27.2 ± 4.9 | 26.2 ± 5.7 | 0.4581 |
Education (n = 128) | |||
0–4 years | 2 (5.3%) | 2 (2.2%) | 0.2632 |
4–8 years | 30 (78.9%) | 63 (70.0%) | |
8–12 years | 6 (15.8%) | 25 (27.8%) | |
Alcoholism (n = 132) | 2 (5.0%) | 5 (5.4%) | 0.9182 |
Smoking (n = 132) | 5 (12.5%) | 10 (10.9%) | 0.7862 |
Type of birth (n = 132) | |||
Vaginal | 12 (30.0%) | 40 (43.5%) | 0.1912 |
cesarean section | 28 (70.0%) | 50 (54.3%) | |
Fórceps | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (2.2%) | |
Pregnancy diseases (n = 132) | |||
Specific hypertension disease in pregnancy | 18 (45.0%) | 12 (13.0%) | < 0.0012 |
Gestational diabetes mellitus | 2 (5.0%) | 2 (2.2%) | 0.3842 |
Urinary tract infection | 9 (22.5%) | 31 (33.7%) | 0.1982 |
Pregnancies’ number (n = 132) | 1.95 ± 1.15 | 2.2 ± 1.3 | 0.2431 |
Vitamin D Supplementation (n = 132) | 2 (5.0%) | 3 (3.3%) | 0.6312 |
Folic acid (yes) (n = 132) | 32 (80.0%) | 81 (88.0%) | 0.2262 |
Iron (yes) (n = 132) | 33 (82.5%) | 78 (84.8%) | 0.7422 |
Photo protection frequently (n = 132) | 8 (20.0%) | 14 (15.2%) | 0.4982 |
Regular solar exposure (n = 132) | 4 (10.0%) | 61 (66.3%) | < 0.0012 |
Vitamin D (ng/ml) (n = 126) | 20.8 ± 11.8 | 26.5 ± 9.7 | 0.0041 |
Sufficent levels (> 30 ng/mL) | 7 (17.5%) | 35 (40.7%) | 0.0361 |
Insufficient levels (21–29 ng/mL) | 14 (35.0%) | 23 (26.7%) | |
Deficient levels (≤ 20 ng/mL) | 19 (47.5%) | 28 (32.6%) | |
Newborns | |||
Gestational age (weeks) (n = 131) | 29.6 ± 2.5 | 39.1 ± 1.8 | < 0.0011 |
Birth weight (g) (n = 131) | 1239 ± 336 | 3285 ± 558 | < 0.0011 |
Birth length (cm) (n = 94) | 38.7 ± 2.8 | 48.3 ± 3.1 | < 0.0011 |
Birth cephalic perimeter (cm) (n = 112) | 26.9 ± 2.1 | 34.3 ± 1.7 | < 0.0011 |
Gender (n = 130) | |||
Male | 17 (43.6%) | 51 (56.0%) | 0.1932 |
Female | 22 (56.4%) | 40 (44.0%) | |
Gestational Age classificationa (n = 130) | |||
Small for gestational age | 7 (17.5%) | 4 (4.4%) | 0.0371 |
Adequate for gestational age | 29 (72.5%) | 71 (78.9%) | |
Large for gestational age | 4 (10.0%) | 15 (16.7%) | |
Vitamin D (ng/ml) (n = 130) | 27.2 ± 13.4 | 31.7 ± 11.7 | 0.0561 |
Sufficent levels (> 30 ng/mL) | 16 (42.1%) | 47 (56.0%) | 0.064 |
Insufficient levels (21–29 ng/mL) | 9 (23.7%) | 24 (28.6%) | |
Deficient levels (≤ 20 ng/mL) | 13 (34.2%) | 13 (15.4%) | |