Table 4 Factors associated with birth outcomes in the control group (n = 110)a
| Â | Adjusted Estimate (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|
Birth weight | ||
 Mother’s age at enrollment | −3.9 (−24.5, 16.7) | 0.706 |
 Gestational age at birth | 97.4 (58.4, 136) | < 0.001 |
 Infant’s gender |  | 0.329 |
  Female (reference group) | 0 |  |
  Male | 60.4 (−61.7, 183) |  |
 Education level |  | 0.029 |
  Primary school (reference group) | 0 |  |
  Secondary school | 687 (212, 1163) |  |
  High school | 729 (253, 1206) |  |
  College / University | 739 (248, 1229) |  |
 Economic status |  | 0.965 |
  Low (reference group) | 0 |  |
  Medium | 12.7 (− 142, 167) |  |
  High | 25.6 (− 166, 217) |  |
 Energy intake at baseline | 0.04 (− 0.14, 0.22) | 0.649 |
 Energy adjusted carbohydrate intake | 0.47 (−1.16, 2.09) | 0.569 |
 Gestational weight gain at 26 to 29 weeks | 42.9 (17.5, 68.3) | 0.001 |
Birth length | ||
 Mother’s age at enrollment | 0.04 (−0.09, 0.17) | 0.538 |
 Gestational age at birth | 0.50 (0.24, 0.75) | < 0.001 |
 Infant’s gender |  | 0.665 |
  Female (reference group) | 0 |  |
  Male | −0.17 (− 0.94, 0.60) |  |
 Education level |  | 0.072 |
  Primary school (reference group) | 0 |  |
  Secondary school | 3.41 (0.41, 6.41) |  |
  High school | 3.77 (0.78, 6.77) |  |
  College / University | 3.17 (0.15, 6.19) |  |
 Gestational weight gain at 26 to 29 weeks | 0.23 (0.07, 0.39) | 0.006 |
Birth head circumference | ||
 Mother’s age at enrollment | 0.002 (−0.10, 0.10) | 0.958 |
 Gestational age at birth | 0.34 (0.15, 0.54) | < 0.001 |
 Infant’s gender |  | 0.611 |
  Female (reference group) | 0 |  |
  Male | 0.15 (− 0.43, 0.72) |  |
 Education level |  | 0.046 |
  Primary school (reference group) |  |  |
  Secondary school | 2.73 (0.49, 4.98) |  |
  High school | 3.16 (0.92, 5.39) |  |
  College / University | 2.93 (0.65, 5.21) |  |
 Economic status |  | 0.711 |
  Low (reference group) | 0 |  |
  Medium | −0.14 (−0.87, 0.59) |  |
  High | 0.20 (− 0.70, 1.10) |  |
 Gestational weight gain at 26 to 29 weeks | 0.07 (−0.06, 0.19) | 0.292 |
Birth weight-for-age z-score | ||
 Mother’s age at enrollment | −0.01 (− 0.06, 0.03) | 0.592 |
 Gestational age at birth | 0.22 (0.13, 0.30) | < 0.001 |
 Infant’s gender |  | 0.502 |
  Female (reference group) | 0 |  |
  Male | −0.09 (− 0.36, 0.18) |  |
 Education level |  | 0.008 |
  Primary school (reference group) | 0 |  |
  Secondary school | 1.76 (0.70, 2.82) |  |
  High school | 1.88 (0.82, 2.94) |  |
  College / University | 1.91 (0.82, 3.01) |  |
 Economic status |  | 0.999 |
  Low (reference group) |  |  |
  Medium | 0.0001 (−0.34, 0.34) |  |
  High | 0.01 (−0.42, 0.44) |  |
 Energy intake at baseline | 0.0001 (−0.0003, 0.0005) | 0.619 |
 Energy adjusted fat intake | −0.005 (− 0.015, 0.005) | 0.344 |
 Gestational weight gain at 26 to 29 weeks | 0.10 (0.04, 0.15) | 0.001 |
Birth length-for-age z-score | ||
 Mother’s age at enrollment | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.09) | 0.541 |
 Gestational age at birth | 0.27 (0.13, 0.40) | < 0.001 |
 Infant’s gender |  | 0.024 |
  Female (reference group) | 0 |  |
  Male | −0.48 (−0.89, − 0.06) |  |
 Education level |  | 0.076 |
  Primary school (reference group) | 0 |  |
  Secondary school | 1.79 (0.19, 3.39) |  |
  High school | 1.99 (0.39, 3.58) |  |
  College / University | 1.67 (0.06, 3.27) |  |
 Gestational weight gain at 26 to 29 weeks | 0.12 (0.04, 0.21) | 0.006 |
Birth head circumference-for-age z-score | ||
 Mother’s age at enrollment | 0.002 (−0.08, 0.08) | 0.965 |
 Gestational age at birth | 0.28 (0.13, 0.44) | < 0.001 |
 Infant’s gender |  | 0.251 |
  Female (reference group) | 0 |  |
  Male | −0.28 (−0.74, 0.20) |  |
 Education level |  | 0.061 |
  Primary school (reference group) | 0 |  |
  Secondary school | 2.12 (0.29, 3.95) |  |
  High school | 2.45 (0.64, 4.27) |  |
  College / University | 2.28 (0.43, 4.14) |  |
 Economic status |  | 0.741 |
  Low (reference group) | 0 |  |
  Medium | −0.10 (−0.69, 0.50) |  |
  High | 0.16 (− 0.57, 0.89) |  |
 Gestational weight gain at 26 to 29 weeks | 0.05 (−0.05, 0.15) | 0.288 |