Table 3 Factors associated with maternal BMI from the univariable and multivariable regression analysis
Model 1 (n = 1146) | Model 2 (n = 1064) | Model 3 (n = 1064) | Model 4 (n = 1064) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | β (95% CI) 1 | β (95% CI) 2 | β (95% CI) 2 | β (95% CI) 2 | |
Agricultural related factors | |||||
Any crop-related work during pregnancy | 1134 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | ||
No | 650 | Ref3 | Ref | ||
Yes | 484 | −1.59 (−2.10; −1.08) | −1.00 (−1.53; −0.47) | ||
Cotton harvesting during pregnancy | 1134 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | ||
No | 812 | Ref | Ref | ||
Yes | 322 | −1.49 (−2.03; −0.95) | −0.88 (− 1.35; − 0.42) | ||
Livestock-related work during pregnancy | 1134 | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.006 | ||
No | 487 | Ref | Ref | ||
Yes | 647 | −0.88 (−1.32; − 0.44) | −0.60 (−1.03; − 0.17) | ||
Individual level factors | |||||
p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | ||
Maternal age | 1096 | 0.10 (0.06; 0.14) | 0.11 (0.07; 0.15) | 0.05 (0.07; 0.15) | 0.11 (0.07; 0.15) |
p < 0.0001 | |||||
Maternal parity | 1140 | 0.29 (0.19; 0.39) | |||
p < 0.0001 | |||||
Maternal dietary diversity | 1138 | 0.62 (0.43; 0.81) | |||
p = 0.22 | p = 0.41 | p = 0.49 | p = 0.49 | ||
Number of days post-partum | 1140 | −0.01 (− 0.02; 0.00) | −0.00 (− 0.01; 0.01) | −0.00 (− 0.01; 0.01) | −0.00 (− 0.01; 0.01) |
Household level factors | |||||
Maternal education | 1140 | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.0004 | p = 0.0004 | p = 0.0002 |
Not educated | 923 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Primary school | 135 | 1.18 (0.29; 2.07) | 0.71 (−0.06; 1.48) | 0.70 (− 0.09; 1.49) | 0.69 (− 0.09; 1.47) |
Middle, secondary and higher education | 82 | 2.53 (1.53; 3.53) | 1.42 (0.59; 2.26) | 1.52 (0.65; 2.39) | 1.49 (0.66; 2.32) |
Household wealth quintiles | 1108 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 |
Poorest | 221 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Poor | 223 | 0.52 (−0.17; 1.23) | 0.41 (− 0.26; 1.09) | 0.46 (− 0.21; 1.13) | 0.54 (− 0.18; 1.27) |
Middle | 222 | 1.77 (0.97; 2.56) | 1.37 (0.58; 2.16) | 1.47 (0.70; 2.24) | 1.63 (0.79; 2.47) |
Wealthy | 221 | 1.74 (1.03; 2.451) | 1.18 (0.53; 1.83) | 1.24 (0.59; 1.90) | 1.44 (0.73; 2.15) |
Wealthiest | 221 | 2.96 (2.23; 3.69) | 2.33 (1.68; 2.98) | 2.40 (1.75; 3.05) | 2.53 (1.86; 3.19) |
Maternal occupation | 1126 | p = 0.001 | |||
Not working | 377 | Ref | |||
Non-agricultural related work | 158 | 0.14 (−0.71; 1.01) | |||
Agricultural related work | 591 | −1.15 (−1.85; − 0.46) | |||
Worry about not having enough food in the past 30 days | 1139 | p = 0.001 | |||
No | 464 | 0.89 (0.39; 1.40) | |||
Yes | 675 | Ref | |||
Eating a limited variety of food in the past 30 days | 1137 | p < 0.0001 | |||
No | 424 | 1.00 (0.49; 1.52) | |||
Yes | 713 | Ref | |||
Cash-aid from BISP | 1137 | p = 0.74 | |||
No | 768 | Ref | |||
Yes | 369 | 0.08 (−0.39; 0.55) | |||