Potentially modifiable predictors of adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes in pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus: can they help for future risk stratification and risk-adapted patient care?

Table 3 Maternal predictors of adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes in stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis

	Odds Ratio	95% CI		P-value
Cesarean section
1-h oGTT-glucose (mmol/l)	1.15	1.02	1.29	0.024
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m²)	1.05	1.01	1.09	0.022
Macrosomia^a
Gestational weight gain (kg)	1.11	1.05	1.19	0.001
HbA1c at the end of pregnancy^b (%/mmol/mol)	6.84	1.53	30.54	0.012
LGA^c
Gestational weight gain (kg)	1.11	1.06	1.17	< 0.001
HbA1c at the end of pregnancy^c (%/mmol/mol)	4.68	1.27	17.28	0.021
SGA^d
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m²)	0.93	0.88	0.99	0.038
Hypoglycemia^e
Maternal medical treatment requirement	2.03	1.06	3.88	0.032
Prematurity^f
HbA1c at the end of pregnancy^c (%/mmol/mol)	22.4	2.36	213.2	0.007

Stepwise multiple logistic regression analyses with all the variables presented in Table 2, adjusted for maternal age, neonatal sex and gestational age. Outcomes are only shown if at least one predictor is found. Only significant results are displayed (defined significance, P < 0.05, see text). See Additional file 2: Table S2 for all results
Abbreviations: CI Confidence interval, BMI Body mass index, GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus, oGTT Oral glucose tolerance test, HbA1c Glycated hemoglobin, LGA Large for gestational age, SGA Small for gestational age
^a birth weight ≥ 4000 g
^b this corresponds to the last visit at the GDM clinic
^c LGA: birth weight > 90th percentile for sex and gestational age using the Intergrowth 21st newborn size application tool [6]
^d SGA: birth weight < 10th percentile for sex and gestational age using the Intergrowth 21st newborn size application tool [6]
^e capillary or venous glucose value ≤2.5 mmol/l
^f gestational age < 37 weeks

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