Table 1 Descriptive maternal and neonatal characteristics

 Age (years)

32.8 ± 5.5

 Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m²)

26.1 ± 5.4

 BMI at the 1st GDM booking (kg/m²)

30 ± 5.5

 Gestational weight gain (kg)

12.7 ± 6.2

 Gestational weight gain until the 1st GDM booking (kg)

10.3 ± 5.6

 Excessive gestational weight gain^a n(%)

172 (30)

 Fasting oGTT glucose value (mmol/l)

5.2 ± 0.8

 1-h oGTT glucose value (mmol/l)

9.6 ± 2.0

 2-h oGTT glucose value (mmol/l)

7.8 ± 1.9

 Gestational age at the 1st GDM booking (weeks)

28.6 ± 3.3

 HbA1c at the 1st GDM booking (%)

5.5 ± 0.4

  (mmol/mol)

37 ± 5

 Gestational age at the end of pregnancy^b (weeks)

35.8 ± 2.9

 HbA1c at the end of pregnancy^b (%)

5.6 ± 0.4

  (mmol/mol)

38 ± 5.0

 High risk ethnicity n(%)

219 (39)

 Cesarean section n(%)

212 (38)

 Maternal medical treatment requirement n(%)

297 (58)

 Gestational age (weeks)

38.9 ± 1.9

 Male n(%)

297 (52)

 LGA^c n(%)

95 (16.5)

 SGA^d n(%)

54 (9.4)

 Macrosomia^e n(%)

45 (7.8)

 Hypoglycemia^f n(%)

56 (10.7)

 Prematurity^g n(%)

47 (8.2)

 Hospitalization for neonatal complication n(%)

61 (11.6)

 Jaundice requiring phototherapy n(%)

21 (3.7)

 Apgar 5-min < 7 n(%)

10 (1.7)