Burden, risk factors and maternal and offspring outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 2 Risk factors of GDM in sub-Saharan Africa

No.	Risk factor	No. studies included	RR	95%CI	I²	P heterogeneity
1	History of GDM	6	5.93	2.24, 15.71	92.90%	< 0.001
2	History of stillbirth	4	2.16	1.36, 3.43	36.80%	0.191
3	History of macrosomia	12	1.82	1.31, 2.51	63.40%	0.002
4	Family history of DM	16	1.79	1.42, 2.25	60.40%	0.001
5	History of abortion	3	1.78	1.44, 2.19	0.00%	0.852
6	Age > 25	11	1.70	1.23, 2.36	39.00%	0.089
7	BMI > 25	9	1.56	1.20, 2.02	61.10%	0.008
8	Hypertension	6	1.54	1.16, 2.05	0.00%	0.854
9	Multiparity	8	1.38	1.05, 1.80	66.40%	0.004
10	Primigravida	5	0.52	0.29, 0.92	72.80%	0.005
11	History of congenital anomaly	3	1.46	0.44, 4.83	0.00%	0.649
12	HIV status	4	1.14	0.90, 1.43	0.00%	0.990
13	Secondary or higher education	8	0.77	0.63, 1.02	38.90%	0.120
14	Physically active	3	0.36	0.07, 1.84	95.90%	< 0.001

DM Diabetes Mellitus, GDM Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, BMI Body mass index
Bold confidence intervals show significant risk factors

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