Table 1 Participant characteristics, overall and by provider advice on physical activity (PA) and nutrition, N = 276
Participant Characteristics | Total N = 276 | Advised on PA N = 208 | Not Advised on PA N = 68 | p-valuea | Advised on Nutrition N = 173 | Not Advised on Nutrition N = 103 | p-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age at delivery, mean years ± SD | 31.4 ± 4.2 | 31.3 ± 4.3 | 31.8 ± 3.6 | 0.398 | 31.2 ± 4.1 | 31.8 ± 4.3 | 0.297 |
Time since delivery, mean months ± SD | 11.3 ± 7.7 | 11.4 ± 7.6 | 11.0 ± 8.0 | 0.700 | 11.6 ± 7.6 | 10.9 ± 7.9 | 0.474 |
Race, n(%) | |||||||
 White | 255 (92.4) | 192 (92.3) | 63 (92.7) | 0.927 | 161 (93.1) | 94 (91.3) | 0.585 |
 Otherb | 21 (7.6) | 16 (7.7) | 5 (7.4) |  | 12 (6.9) | 9 (8.7) |  |
Marital status, n(%)c | |||||||
 Married | 255 (92.4) | 189 (90.9) | 66 (97.1) | 0.117 | 162 (93.6) | 93 (90.3) | 0.310 |
 Unmarried | 21 (7.6) | 19 (9.1) | 2 (2.9) |  | 11 (6.4) | 10 (9.7) |  |
Education, n(%) | |||||||
 Some college or less | 52 (18.8) | 39 (18.8) | 13 (19.1) | 0.524 | 34 (19.7) | 18 (17.5) | 0.416 |
 Bachelor’s degree | 119 (43.1) | 94 (45.2) | 25 (36.8) |  | 79 (45.7) | 40 (38.8) |  |
 Master’s degree | 83 (30.1) | 58 (27.9) | 25 (36.8) |  | 49 (28.3) | 34 (33.0) |  |
 Professional or Doctorate degree | 22 (7.9) | 17 (8.2) | 5 (7.4) |  | 11 (6.4) | 11 (10.7) |  |
Employment, n(%) | |||||||
 Employed full time | 128 (46.4) | 99 (47.6) | 29 (42.7) | 0.307 | 82 (47.4) | 46 (44.7) | 0.253 |
 Employed part time | 41 (14.9) | 27 (13.0) | 14 (20.6) |  | 21 (12.1) | 20 (19.4) |  |
 Homemaker | 107 (38.8) | 82 (39.4) | 25 (36.8) |  | 70 (40.5) | 37 (35.9) |  |
Household income (n = 266), n(%) | |||||||
  < $50,000 | 33 (12.4) | 27 (13.4) | 6 (9.2) | 0.580 | 20 (12.1) | 13 (12.9) | 0.561 |
 $50,000–$99,999 | 93 (35.0) | 66 (32.8) | 27 (41.5) |  | 61 (37.0) | 32 (31.7) |  |
 $100,000–$149,999 | 82 (29.7) | 63 (31.3) | 19 (29.2) |  | 46 (27.9) | 36 (35.6) |  |
  > $150,000 | 58 (21.8) | 45 (22.4) | 13 (20.0) |  | 38 (23.0) | 20 (19.8) |  |
Parity prior to twin pregnancy, n(%) | |||||||
 Nulliparous | 129 (46.7) | 108 (51.9) | 21 (30.9) | 0.003 | 89 (51.5) | 40 (38.8) | 0.042 |
 Multiparous | 147 (53.3) | 100 (48.1) | 47 (69.1) |  | 84 (48.6) | 63 (61.2) |  |
Pre-pregnancy BMI Category, n(%) | |||||||
 Underweight/normal weightd | 142 (51.5) | 114 (54.8) | 28 (41.2) | 0.044 | 93 (53.8) | 49 (47.6) | 0.556 |
 Overweight | 64 (23.2) | 41 (19.7) | 23 (33.8) |  | 37 (21.4) | 27 (26.2) |  |
Obese | 70 (25.4) | 53 (25.5) | 17 (25.0) | Â | 43 (24.9) | 27 (26.2) | Â |
Use of assisted reproductive technologies, n(%) | 105 (38.0) | 77 (37.0) | 28 (41.2) | 0.540 | 64 (37.0) | 41 (39.8) | 0.642 |
Smoking in twin pregnancy, n(%)c | 3 (1.1) | 2 (1.0) | 1 (1.5) | 0.574 | 2 (1.2) | 1 (1.0) | 0.999 |
Alcohol use in twin pregnancy, n(%)c | 7 (2.5) | 5 (2.4) | 2 (2.9) | 0.683 | 4 (2.3) | 3 (2.9) | 0.715 |
MVPA, median minutes/day ± interquartile rangee,f | |||||||
 Before pregnancy (n = 262) | 190.0 ± 255.0 | 200.0 ± 245.0 | 162.5 ± 197.5 | 0.089 | 205.0 ± 270.0 | 175.0 ± 225.0 | 0.568 |
 First trimester (n = 262) | 45.0 ± 175.0 | 70.0 ± 190.0 | 0.0 ± 87.5 | 0.005 | 30.0 ± 180.0 | 45.0 ± 125.0 | 0.460 |
 Second trimester (n = 264) | 0.0 ± 125.0 | 15.0 ± 140.0 | 0.0 ± 50.0 | 0.015 | 0.0 ± 140.0 | 0.0 ± 50.0 | 0.059 |
 Third trimester (n = 261) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 30.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.053 | 0.0 ± 30.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.298 |
 Averages across trimesters (n = 273) | 25.0 ± 113.3 | 33.3 ± 130.0 | 2.5 ± 50.0 | 0.008 | 33.3 ± 138.3 | 24.2 ± 63.3 | 0.243 |
Diet quality, mean score ± SDf,g | |||||||
 Before pregnancy | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 0.775 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 0.085 |
 First trimester | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 0.106 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 0.012 |
 Second trimester | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 0.894 | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 0.086 |
 Third trimester | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 0.369 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 0.019 |
 Averages across trimesters | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 0.7 | 0.520 | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 0.003 |
Twin pregnancy type, n(%) | |||||||
 Diamniotic/dichorionic | 221 (80.1) | 164 (78.9) | 57 (83.8) | 0.372 | 135 (78.0) | 86 (83.5) | 0.272 |
 Monoamniotic/dichorionic or monoamniotic/monochorionic | 55 (19.9) | 44 (21.2) | 11 (16.2) |  | 38 (22.0) | 17 (16.5) |  |
Pregnancy complications, n(%)h | 165 (59.8) | 127 (61.1) | 38 (55.9) | 0.450 | 111 (64.2) | 54 (52.4) | 0.055 |
Gestational age at delivery, mean weeks ± SD | 35.7 ± 2.1 | 35.6 ± 2.2 | 36.3 ± 1.8 | 0.018 | 35.5 ± 2.2 | 36.0 ± 1.9 | 0.052 |
Adequacy of GWG, n(%)i | |||||||
 Below IOM guidelines | 77 (27.9) | 58 (27.9) | 19 (27.9) | 0.743 | 51 (29.5) | 26 (25.2) | 0.222 |
 Within IOM guidelines | 129 (46.7) | 95 (45.7) | 34 (50.0) |  | 74 (42.8) | 55 (53.4) |  |
 Above IOM guidelines | 70 (25.4) | 55 (26.4) | 15 (22.1) |  | 48 (27.8) | 22 (21.4) |  |
Twin A birth weight, n(%)j | |||||||
 Very low or low birth weight | 131 (47.5) | 105 (50.5) | 26 (38.2) | 0.079 | 93 (53.8) | 38 (36.9) | 0.007 |
 Normal or high birth weight | 145 (52.5) | 103 (49.5) | 42 (61.8) |  | 80 (46.2) | 65 (63.1) |  |
Twin B birth weight, n(%)j | |||||||
 Very low or low birth weight | 127 (46.2) | 101 (48.8) | 26 (38.2) | 0.130 | 88 (51.2) | 39 (37.9) | 0.032 |
 Normal or high birth weight | 148 (53.8) | 106 (51.2) | 42 (61.8) |  | 84 (48.8) | 64 (62.1) |  |