Table 2 Baseline biochemical parameters of pregnant women based on their BMI (kg/m²)

Number, %

498

154 (30.9)

241 (48.4)

103 (20.7)

Hb (g/dl)

12.1 (11.3, 12.9)

12.1 (10.9, 12.9)

12.1 (11.3, 12.9)

12.1 (11.3, 13.3)

Anemia (Hb < 11 g/dl), %

97 (19.5)

42 (27.3)

37 (15.4) *

18 (17.5)

FPG (mmol/l)

4.7 (4.5, 5.0)

4.7 (4.5, 4.9)

4.7 (4.5, 5.1)

4.8 (4.6, 5.2) *†

2hPG (mmol/l)

6.2 (5.3, 7.0)

6.3 (5.4, 7.6)

6.4 (5.4, 7.3)

7.0 (6.1, 8.0) *†

GDM, % ^a

58 (18.4)

16 (16.7)

26 (16.0)

16 (28.1) *†

Insulin (μIU/ml)

7.6 (5.4, 10.3)

7.1 (5.0, 8.9)

7.6 (5.4, 10.0) *

9.7 (7.5, 15.2) *†

HOMA-IR

1.6 (1.1, 2.2)

1.5 (1.0, 1.9)

1.6 (1.1, 2.2) *

2.1 (1.6, 3.2) *†

Cholesterol (mg/dl)

163.0 (150.0, 180.0)

156.0 (150.0, 170.3)

162.0 (150.0, 181.0) *

172.0 (156, 200) *†

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

102.5 (80.0, 132.8)

91.5 (75.0, 124.5)

100.5 (78.0, 136.8)

122.0 (92, 147.0) *†

HDL-C (mg/dl)

43.0 (38.0, 48.8)

43.0 (38.8, 49.0)

42.0 (37.0, 52.0)

42.0 (36.0, 48.0)

LDL-C (mg/dl)

97.0 (88.0, 112.0)

94.0 (84.8, 104.0)

99.0 (90.0, 114.0) *

104.0 (92.0, 125.0) *

Vitamin D (nmol/l)

30.2 (18.6, 41.8)

30.5 (18.1, 42.5)

31.2 (17.7, 43.8)

32.8 (20.3, 47.2)

Deficiency (< 30 nmol/l), %

231 (46.4)

75 (48.7)

112 (46.5)

44 (42.7)

Vitamin B12 (pg/ml)

296.5 (221.5, 389.8)

295.0 (222.3, 432.8)

304.0 (226.3, 406.5)

295.0 (251.3, 370.5)

Deficiency (< 200 pg/ml), %

76 (15.1)

26 (16.9)

40 (16.6)

10 (9.7)

Homocysteine (μmol/l)

7.0 (5.9, 8.8)

7.0 (5.7, 8.8)

7.0 (5.7, 8.6)

6.8 (5.7, 8.1)

High (> 15 μmol/l), %

6 (1.2)

3 (1.9)

3 (1.3)

–

Folate (ng/ml)

10.5 (7.7, 18.5)

11.3 (7.6, 18.7)

10.3 (7.6, 20.1)

9.8 (7.6, 14.3)

Deficiency (< 3 ng/ml), %

2 (0.4)

–

–

2 (1.9)

Ferritin (ng/ml)

45.6 (23.3, 75.2)

45.4 (25.9, 84.2)

45.9 (22.6, 72.7)

49.0 (28.7, 75.6)

Deficiency (< 13 ng/ml), %

63 (12.7)

16 (10.4)

31 (12.9)

16 (15.7)

Leptin (ng/ml)

7.3 (4.6, 12.2)

4.6 (3.4, 6.6)

7.3 (5.4, 11.1) *

16.2 (11.4, 23.2) *†