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Table 5 Group differences on mental health (MH-PP) scores during pregnancy (baseline) and postpartum (26-weeks)

From: Measuring physical and mental health during pregnancy and postpartum in an Australian childbearing population - validation of the PROMIS Global Short Form

Characteristic

Groups

n

M (SD)

Mean Difference (95% CI)

t

df

p

Cohen’s d

Age

 Pregnancy

   

0.09 (− 0.30–0.11)

0.89

306

.37

0.12

≥ 35

56

3.79 (0.78)

     

< 35

252

3.88 (0.71)

     

 Postpartum

   

0.11 (− 0.35–0.13)

0.90

236

.37

0.14

≥ 35

46

3.65 (0.78)

     

< 35

192

3.76 (0.75)

     

Parity

 Pregnancy

   

0.12 (0.08 – − 0.28)

1.42

306

.16

0.17

Nulliparous

125

3.94 (0.78)

     

Multiparous

183

3.82 (0.67)

     

 Postpartum

   

0.08 (− 0.12–0.27)

0.76

236

.45

0.09

Nulliparous

100

3.78 (0.81)

     

Multiparous

138

3.71 (0.71)

     

Educationa

 Pregnancy

   

0.14 (−0.31–0.03)

1.61

306

.12

0.20

Low

97

3.77 (0.69)

     

High

211

3.91 (0.73)

     

 Postpartum

   

0.03 (−0.24–0.18)

0.29

236

.77

0.04

Low

71

3.72 (0.74)

     

High

167

3.75 (0.76)

     

Incomeb

 Pregnancy

   

0.37 (0.21–0.54)

4.36

276

<.001

0.53

High

160

4.02 (0.68)

     

Low

118

3.64 (0.74)

     

 Postpartum

   

0.15 (−0.05–0.36)

1.47

214

.14

0.21

High

129

3.78 (0.74)

     

Low

87

3.62 (0.76)

     

Country of birth

 Pregnancy

   

0.11 (−0.07–0.29)

1.20

306

.23

0.15

Australia

223

3.90 (0.72)

     

Other

85

3.79 (0.71)

     

 Postpartum

   

0.10 (−0.12–0.31)

0.81

236

.42

0.12

Australia

175

3.76 (0.76)

     

Other

63

3.67 (0.72)

     

Obesityc

 Pregnancy

   

0.11 (−0.31–0.09)

1.11

281

.27

0.15

Obese

62

3.78 (0.80)

     

Non-obese

221

3.89 (0.67)

     

 Postpartum

   

0.09 (−0.33–0.15)

0.74

220

.46

0.10

Obese

51

3.66 (0.78)

     

Non-obese

171

3.74 (0.76)

     

Mental healthd

 Pregnancye

   

0.47 (0.20–0.75)

3.44

50.61e

.001

0.61

Yes

43

3.46 (0.86)

     

No

265

3.93 (0.67)

     

 Postpartum

   

0.29 (0.02–0.57)

2.12

236

.04

0.36

Yes

34

3.49 (0.88)

     

No

204

3.78 (0.72)

     

Gestation

 Pregnancy

   

0.08 (−0.14–0.29)

0.71

306

.48

0.11

≤ 15 weeks

52

3.80 (0.76)

     

> 15 weeks

256

3.88 (0.71)

     

 Postpartum

   

0.07 (−0.19–0.33)

0.52

236

.60

0.09

≤ 15 weeks

38

3.68 (0.87)

     

> 15 weeks

200

3.75 (0.73)

     

Planned pregnancy

 Pregnancye

   

0.22 (0.03–0.42)

2.30

138.98e

.02

0.30

Planned

214

3.93 (0.68)

     

Unplanned

87

3.71 (0.80)

     

 Postpartum

   

0.13 (−0.08–0.45)

1.22

235

.22

0.17

Planned

170

3.78 (0.74)

     

Unplanned

67

3.65 (0.77)

     

Smoker in last 12 months

 Pregnancye

   

0.24 (0.46–0.02)

2.21

64.39e

.03

0.36

Smoker

52

3.61 (0.74)

     

Non-smoker

256

3.85 (0.58)

     

 Postpartum

   

0.23 (0.43–0.03)

2.25

236

.03

0.36

Smoker

37

3.81 (0.66)

     

Non-smoker

201

4.03 (0.54)

     

Pre-pregnancy drug use

 Pregnancy

   

0.31 (0.05–0.58)

2.36

306

.02

0.41

Drug use

32

3.59 (0.82)

     

No drug use

276

3.90 (0.70)

     

 Postpartum

   

0.15 (−0.48–0.19)

0.85

236

.40

0.22

Drug use

21

3.87 (0.61)

     

No drug use

217

3.72 (0.76)

     

Stress in the last 12 months

 Pregnancy

   

0.26 (0.08–0.44)

2.85

296

.01

0.36

Stress

81

3.69 (0.76)

     

No stress

217

3.95 (0.69)

     

 Postpartum

   

0.08 (−0.13–0.30)

0.75

233

.45

0.11

Stress

65

3.69 (0.70)

     

No stress

170

3.77 (0.77)

     

Previous caesarean

 Pregnancy

   

0.11 (−0.14–0.35)

0.86

306

.39

0.14

Yes

39

3.78 (0.66)

     

No

269

3.88 (0.73)

     

 Postpartum

   

0.13 (−0.16–0.43)

0.88

236

.38

0.18

Yes

29

3.62 (0.67)

     

No

209

3.75 (0.76)

     
  1. Bolded p and Cohen’s d indicates significant results
  2. aLow education = Secondary school year 12 or less; High education = College apprenticeship/Diploma or University
  3. bLow income = Nil - $1499, High income = $1500 or more;
  4. cObese = BMI ≥ 30, Non obese = BMI < 30
  5. dHistory of mental health disorder
  6. eViolation of assumption of equal variances