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Table 3 Predictors of depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms among women with GDM using multiple logistic regression (n = 526)

From: Prevalence and factors associated with depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms among women with gestational diabetes mellitus in tertiary care centres in Malaysia: a cross-sectional study

Parameters Depressive Symptoms Anxiety Symptoms Stress Symptoms
Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) p-value Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) p-value Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) p-value
A Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Treatment Profile
 Self-Monitoring with Glucometer No 1.743 (0.813–3.737) 0.153     
Yes Reference –     
 Treatments OAD and/or diet modification    Reference –   
Insulin with/out OAD and/or diet modification    1.204 (0.803–1.806) 0.369   
Socio-Demographic Factors
 Age    0.955 (0.919–0.993) 0.020   
 Ethnicity Malay Reference – Reference – Reference –
Non-Malay 0.537 (0.030–9.660) 0.673 1.533 (0.944–2.492) 0.084 0.492 (0.030–8.214) 0.622
 Religion Muslim Reference – Reference – Reference –
Non-Muslim 2.937 (1.434–6.018) 0.003 0.891 (0.234–3.394) 0.866 2.451 (1.273–4.718) 0.007
 Education Secondary and below 1.168 (0.607–2.248) 0.641     
Tertiary Reference –     
 Marital Status Without husband 1.285 (0.252–6.551) 0.763     
With husband Reference –     
 Parity Nulliparous- Primiparous    0.968 (0.621–1.509) 0.886   
Multiparous ≥2    1.000 –   
Past Obstetric History
 Abortion No Reference – Reference –   
Yes 1.251 (0.585–2.675) 0.563 1.351 (0.878–2.078) 0.171   
 Preterm Delivery No    Reference –   
Yes    1.901 (0.760–4.753) 0.169   
 Gestational diabetes mellitus       Reference –
      1.351 (0.700–2.605) 0.370
Current Medical Problems
 Allergy No Reference   Reference – Reference –
Yes 2.543 (0.455–14.208) 0.288 1.634 (0.421–6.346) 0.478 3.224 (0.781–13.304) 0.106
 Asthma No    Reference – Reference –
Yes    2.436 (1.219–4.870) 0.012 1.966 (0.806–4.798) 0.137
Family History
 Heart Disease No Reference –     
Yes 2.015 (0.944–4.302) 0.070     
 Depression and Anxiety No Reference – Reference – Reference –
Yes 4.706 (1.362–16.254) 0.014 4.782 (1.281–17.853) 0.020 1.949 (0.510–7.451) 0.329
 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus No Reference –    Reference –
Yes 1.258 (0.646–2.449) 0.500    1.521 (0.844–2.739) 0.163
  1. *Significant at p < 0.05
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