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Table 3 Predictors of depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms among women with GDM using multiple logistic regression (n = 526)

From: Prevalence and factors associated with depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms among women with gestational diabetes mellitus in tertiary care centres in Malaysia: a cross-sectional study

Parameters

Depressive Symptoms

Anxiety Symptoms

Stress Symptoms

Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)

p-value

Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)

p-value

Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)

p-value

A Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Treatment Profile

 Self-Monitoring with Glucometer

No

1.743 (0.813–3.737)

0.153

    

Yes

Reference

–

    

 Treatments

OAD and/or diet modification

  

Reference

–

  

Insulin with/out OAD and/or diet modification

  

1.204 (0.803–1.806)

0.369

  

Socio-Demographic Factors

 Age

  

0.955 (0.919–0.993)

0.020

  

 Ethnicity

Malay

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Non-Malay

0.537 (0.030–9.660)

0.673

1.533 (0.944–2.492)

0.084

0.492 (0.030–8.214)

0.622

 Religion

Muslim

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Non-Muslim

2.937 (1.434–6.018)

0.003

0.891 (0.234–3.394)

0.866

2.451 (1.273–4.718)

0.007

 Education

Secondary and below

1.168 (0.607–2.248)

0.641

    

Tertiary

Reference

–

    

 Marital Status

Without husband

1.285 (0.252–6.551)

0.763

    

With husband

Reference

–

    

 Parity

Nulliparous- Primiparous

  

0.968 (0.621–1.509)

0.886

  

Multiparous ≥2

  

1.000

–

  

Past Obstetric History

 Abortion

No

Reference

–

Reference

–

  

Yes

1.251 (0.585–2.675)

0.563

1.351 (0.878–2.078)

0.171

  

 Preterm Delivery

No

  

Reference

–

  

Yes

  

1.901 (0.760–4.753)

0.169

  

 Gestational diabetes mellitus

     

Reference

–

     

1.351 (0.700–2.605)

0.370

Current Medical Problems

 Allergy

No

Reference

 

Reference

–

Reference

–

Yes

2.543 (0.455–14.208)

0.288

1.634 (0.421–6.346)

0.478

3.224 (0.781–13.304)

0.106

 Asthma

No

  

Reference

–

Reference

–

Yes

  

2.436 (1.219–4.870)

0.012

1.966 (0.806–4.798)

0.137

Family History

 Heart Disease

No

Reference

–

    

Yes

2.015 (0.944–4.302)

0.070

    

 Depression and Anxiety

No

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Yes

4.706 (1.362–16.254)

0.014

4.782 (1.281–17.853)

0.020

1.949 (0.510–7.451)

0.329

 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

No

Reference

–

  

Reference

–

Yes

1.258 (0.646–2.449)

0.500

  

1.521 (0.844–2.739)

0.163

  1. *Significant at p < 0.05