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Table 3 Maternal-infant characteristics according to the presence of anti-inflammatory drug residues in breast milk

From: Unexpected drug residuals in human milk in Ankara, capital of Turkey

 

Anti-inflammatory drug residues

 

Maternal characteristics

Negative (n = 63)

Positive (n = 27)

P

Maternal age, yrs

31.4 ± 4.4

31.5 ± 4.0

0.940

Maternal education> 12 yrs

73.0

63.0

0.340

Working in a revenue-generating business

25.4

37.0

0.264

Anti-inflammatory drug use during breastfeeding period

57.1

44.4

0.268

Antibiotic drug use during breastfeeding period

41.3

44.4

0.780

Vitamin / mineral use during breastfeeding period

41.3

48.1

0.546

Any drug use during breastfeeding period

84.1

81.5

0.764

Maternal cigarette contact, active or passive

38.1

48.1

0.374

Edinburgh postpartum depression score ≥ 13

14.3

22.2

0.368

 

7.13 ± 4.98

7.67 ± 5.95

0.658

Mother BMI (kg/m2) at delivery

27.9 ± 4.4

27.5 ± 4.8

0.758

Mother BMI (kg/m2) on admission

25.8 ± 3.6

27.1 ± 5.2

0.203

Infant characteristics

 Infant age, days

57.6 ± 17.8

58.3 ± 19.1

0.867

 Infant age < 60 days

39.7

33.3

0.569

 Male sex

41.3

44.4

0.780

 Delivery type, cesarean section

71.4

62.9

0.427

 Birth order> 1

46.6

48.1

0.854

 Gestation time < 38 weeks

27.0

40.7

0.196

 Gestation time, weeks

38.2 ± 1.3

38.1 ± 1.5

0.974

 Birthweight, WAZ

−0.32 ± 0.85

−0.27 ± 1.41

0.857

 Intensive care requirement

17.5

29.6

0.195

 Hyperbilirubinemia

31.7

51.9

0.071

 Any underlying disease

22.2

14.8

0.421

 Sleep disorder

27.0

37.0

0.340

 Excessive crying > 2 h

15.9

11.1

0.556

 Inconsolable crying

9.5

3.7

0.670

 Breastfeeding problem

28.6

48.1

0.073

 Exclusive breastfeeding

77.8

85.2

0.421

 WAZ score on admission

−0.4 ± 1.2

0.1 ± ±1.4

0.106

 HCZ score on admission

−0.2 ± 1.3

0.1 ± 1.4

0.316

  1. Values were mean ± SD or %