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Table 4 Factors associated with GDM among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Gondar town public health facilities, Northwest Ethiopia: March 2018–January 2019

From: Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and associated factors among women attending antenatal care at Gondar town public health facilities, Northwest Ethiopia

Variables

Non-GDM

n (%)

GDM

n (%)

COR (95% CI)

P -value

AOR (95% CI) a

P value

Maternal age (years)

 < 25

304 (94.1)

19 (5.8)

1

 

1

 

 25–29

335 (91.4)

31 (8.5)

1.48 (0.82, 2.68)

0.194

0.99 (0.32, 3.12)

0.994

 30–34

168 (78.5)

46 (21.5)

4.38 (2.49, 7.72)

< 0.001

2.24 (0.73, 6.83)

0.156

 ≥ 35

89 (71.8)

35 (28.2)

6.29 (3.43, 11.54)

< 0.001

3.05 (0.88, 10.51)

0.077

Marital status

 Married

831(87.9)

114(12.1)

1

 

1

 

 Single and othersb

65(79.3)

17(20.7)

1.91 (1.08, 3.37)

0.026

2.04 (0.72, 5.78)

0.179

Educational level

 Not formal education

168 (84)

32 (16.0)

1

 

1

 

 Primary education

194 (84.7)

35 (15.3)

0.95 (0.56, 1.60)

0.838

1.82 (0.75, 4.43)

0.184

 Secondary education and above

534 (89.3)

64 (10.7)

0.63 (0.40, .99)

0.048

0.90 (0.39, 2.11)

0.815

Employment status

 Unemployed

556 (89.5)

65 (10.5)

1

 

1

 

 Employed

340 (83.7)

66 (16.3)

1.66 (1.15, 2.40)

0.007

1.44 (0.71, 2.91)

0.309

MUAC

 MUAC < 28 cm

767 (90)

85 (10)

1

 

1

 

 MUAC ≥28 cm

129 (73.7)

46 (26.3)

3.22(2.15, 4.82)

< 0.001

2.25 (1.18, 4.26)

0.013

 SBP (mmHg)

111.57 ± 11.31

115.46 ± 15.01

1.025(1.01, 1.04)

0.001

1.024 (0.99, 1.06)

0.132

 DBP(mmHg)

71.60 + 9.882

74.05 ± 12.09

1.022 (1.01, 1.04)

0.011

0.99(0.96, 1.03)

0.757

Anemic status

 Normal (Hb ≥ 11 g/dl)

769 (88.0)

105 (12.0)

1

 

1

 

 Anemia (Hb < 11 g/dl)

113 (83.7)

22 (16.3)

1.43 (0.86, 2.35)

0.164

1.73 (0.81, 3.70)

0.160

Level of physical activity

 High

299 (92.9)

23 (7.1)

1

 

1

 

 Moderate

429 (93.3)

31 (6.7)

0.94 (.054, 1.64)

0.827

0.613 (0.27, 1.38)

0.238

 Low

168 (68.6)

77 (31.4)

5.96 (3.60, 9.85)

< 0.001

3.36 (1.60, 7.04)

0.001

Dietary diversity status

 Adequate (≥5)

461 (92.8)

36 (7.2)

1

 

1

 

 Inadequate (< 5)

435 (82.1)

95 (17.9)

2.80 (1.86, 4.19)

< 0.001

1.90 (1.02, 3.53)

0.042

Family history of diabetes

 No

862 (89.3)

103 (10.7)

1

 

1

 

 Yes

34 (54.8)

28 (45.2)

6.89 (4.02, 11.83)

< 0.001

4.03 (1.57, 10.35)

0.004

Parity

 Nullipara

449 (89.1)

55 (10.9)

1

 

1

 

 Primipara

243 (87.7)

34 (12.3)

1.14 (0.72, 1.80)

0.567

0.77 (0.28, 2.16)

0.626

 Multipara

204 (82.9)

42 (17.1)

1.68 (1.09, 2.60)

0.019

0.99 (0.34, 2.81)

0.987

History of macrocosmic baby

 No

453 (87.6)

64 (12.4)

1

1

1

 

 Yes

49 (69)

22 (31)

3.18 (1.80, 5.60)

< 0.001

1.54 (0.70, 3.37)

0.283

History of abortion

 No

368 (87.2)

54 (12.8)

1

 

1

 

 Yes

134 (80.7)

32 (19.3)

1.63 (1.01, 2.63)

0.047

1.014 (0.51, 2.03)

0.968

History of still birth

 No

476 (86.5)

74 (13.5)

1

 

1

 

 Yes

26 (68.4)

12 (31.6)

2.97 (1.44, 6.14)

0.003

1.42 (0.48, 4.15)

0.526

Previous GDM

 No

477 (89.3)

57 (10.7)

1

 

1

 

 Yes

25 (46.3)

29 (53.7)

9.71 (5.32, 17.71)

< 0.001

5.82 (2.57, 13.18)

< 0.001

Antenatal depression

 No

839 (89.4)

99 (10.6)

1

 

1

 

 Yes

57 (64)

32 (36)

4.76 (2.94, 7.69)

< 0.001

4.12 (1.85, 9.20)

0.001

  1. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, MUAC mid-upper arm circumference, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, 1 Reference
  2. aAdjusted for factors including maternal age, marital status, educational level, employment status, MUAC, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, anemia, level of physical activity, dietary diversity status, family history of diabetes, parity, history of macrocosmic baby, history of abortion, history of still birth, previous GDM and antenatal depression
  3. bDivorced or widowed