Variables | Non-GDM n (%) | GDM n (%) | COR (95% CI) | P -value | AOR (95% CI) a | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal age (years) | ||||||
 < 25 | 304 (94.1) | 19 (5.8) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
 25–29 | 335 (91.4) | 31 (8.5) | 1.48 (0.82, 2.68) | 0.194 | 0.99 (0.32, 3.12) | 0.994 |
 30–34 | 168 (78.5) | 46 (21.5) | 4.38 (2.49, 7.72) | < 0.001 | 2.24 (0.73, 6.83) | 0.156 |
 ≥ 35 | 89 (71.8) | 35 (28.2) | 6.29 (3.43, 11.54) | < 0.001 | 3.05 (0.88, 10.51) | 0.077 |
Marital status | ||||||
 Married | 831(87.9) | 114(12.1) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
 Single and othersb | 65(79.3) | 17(20.7) | 1.91 (1.08, 3.37) | 0.026 | 2.04 (0.72, 5.78) | 0.179 |
Educational level | ||||||
 Not formal education | 168 (84) | 32 (16.0) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
 Primary education | 194 (84.7) | 35 (15.3) | 0.95 (0.56, 1.60) | 0.838 | 1.82 (0.75, 4.43) | 0.184 |
 Secondary education and above | 534 (89.3) | 64 (10.7) | 0.63 (0.40, .99) | 0.048 | 0.90 (0.39, 2.11) | 0.815 |
Employment status | ||||||
 Unemployed | 556 (89.5) | 65 (10.5) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
 Employed | 340 (83.7) | 66 (16.3) | 1.66 (1.15, 2.40) | 0.007 | 1.44 (0.71, 2.91) | 0.309 |
MUAC | ||||||
 MUAC < 28 cm | 767 (90) | 85 (10) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
 MUAC ≥28 cm | 129 (73.7) | 46 (26.3) | 3.22(2.15, 4.82) | < 0.001 | 2.25 (1.18, 4.26) | 0.013 |
 SBP (mmHg) | 111.57 ± 11.31 | 115.46 ± 15.01 | 1.025(1.01, 1.04) | 0.001 | 1.024 (0.99, 1.06) | 0.132 |
 DBP(mmHg) | 71.60 + 9.882 | 74.05 ± 12.09 | 1.022 (1.01, 1.04) | 0.011 | 0.99(0.96, 1.03) | 0.757 |
Anemic status | ||||||
 Normal (Hb ≥ 11 g/dl) | 769 (88.0) | 105 (12.0) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
 Anemia (Hb < 11 g/dl) | 113 (83.7) | 22 (16.3) | 1.43 (0.86, 2.35) | 0.164 | 1.73 (0.81, 3.70) | 0.160 |
Level of physical activity | ||||||
 High | 299 (92.9) | 23 (7.1) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
 Moderate | 429 (93.3) | 31 (6.7) | 0.94 (.054, 1.64) | 0.827 | 0.613 (0.27, 1.38) | 0.238 |
 Low | 168 (68.6) | 77 (31.4) | 5.96 (3.60, 9.85) | < 0.001 | 3.36 (1.60, 7.04) | 0.001 |
Dietary diversity status | ||||||
 Adequate (≥5) | 461 (92.8) | 36 (7.2) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
 Inadequate (< 5) | 435 (82.1) | 95 (17.9) | 2.80 (1.86, 4.19) | < 0.001 | 1.90 (1.02, 3.53) | 0.042 |
Family history of diabetes | ||||||
 No | 862 (89.3) | 103 (10.7) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
 Yes | 34 (54.8) | 28 (45.2) | 6.89 (4.02, 11.83) | < 0.001 | 4.03 (1.57, 10.35) | 0.004 |
Parity | ||||||
 Nullipara | 449 (89.1) | 55 (10.9) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
 Primipara | 243 (87.7) | 34 (12.3) | 1.14 (0.72, 1.80) | 0.567 | 0.77 (0.28, 2.16) | 0.626 |
 Multipara | 204 (82.9) | 42 (17.1) | 1.68 (1.09, 2.60) | 0.019 | 0.99 (0.34, 2.81) | 0.987 |
History of macrocosmic baby | ||||||
 No | 453 (87.6) | 64 (12.4) | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |
 Yes | 49 (69) | 22 (31) | 3.18 (1.80, 5.60) | < 0.001 | 1.54 (0.70, 3.37) | 0.283 |
History of abortion | ||||||
 No | 368 (87.2) | 54 (12.8) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
 Yes | 134 (80.7) | 32 (19.3) | 1.63 (1.01, 2.63) | 0.047 | 1.014 (0.51, 2.03) | 0.968 |
History of still birth | ||||||
 No | 476 (86.5) | 74 (13.5) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
 Yes | 26 (68.4) | 12 (31.6) | 2.97 (1.44, 6.14) | 0.003 | 1.42 (0.48, 4.15) | 0.526 |
Previous GDM | ||||||
 No | 477 (89.3) | 57 (10.7) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
 Yes | 25 (46.3) | 29 (53.7) | 9.71 (5.32, 17.71) | < 0.001 | 5.82 (2.57, 13.18) | < 0.001 |
Antenatal depression | ||||||
 No | 839 (89.4) | 99 (10.6) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
 Yes | 57 (64) | 32 (36) | 4.76 (2.94, 7.69) | < 0.001 | 4.12 (1.85, 9.20) | 0.001 |