Table 2 Determinants of full antenatal care utilisation in India, NFHS-4 (2015–16)d
Determinants (Weighted N)a | Proportion of women with Full ANC % (weighted n)b | Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
Socioeconomic indicators | |||
Wealth Quintiles | |||
Lowest (46782) | 3126 (6.7) | 0.12(0.11–0.13) | 0.47 (0.42–0.52) |
Second (43739) | 5531 (14.2) | 0.27(0.25–0.29) | 0.56 (0.52–0.62) |
Middle (38393) | 7567 (22.6) | 0.48(0.45–0.51) | 0.66 (0.61–0.71) |
Fourth (33212) | 8675 (29.2) | 0.67(0.63–0.71) | 0.75 (0.70–0.81) |
Highest (28772) | 9967 (38.1) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
Social caste | |||
cOthers (34,705) | 8373 (26.2) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
Scheduled caste (35,170) | 5686 (19.3) | 0.67(0.62–0.73) | 0.95 (0.87–1.03) |
Scheduled tribe (37,889) | 6288 (16.3) | 0.55(0.51–0.60) | 0.92 (0.84–1.01) |
Other Backward Categories (74,060) | 13,037 (20.7) | 0.74(0.69–0.78) | 0.94 (0.88–1.00) |
Place of Residence | |||
Urban (47,833) | 13,074 (31.1) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
Rural (143,065) | 21,792 (16.7) | 0.44(0.42–0.47) | 0.90 (0.84–0.96) |
Health insurance cover | |||
No (163,367) | 27,733 (18.8) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
Yes (27,531) | 7133 (32.8) | 2.11(2.00–2.22) | 1.18 (1.11–1.26) |
Maternal indicators | |||
Maternal age at conception (years) | |||
Less than 19 years (16,225) | 2594 (18.7) | 0.83(0.77–0.88) | 0.86 (0.79–0.93) |
19–30 years (150,683) | 28,367 (21.7) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
More than 30 years (23,990) | 3905 (17.3) | 0.75(0.71–0.80) | 1.16 (1.07–1.27) |
Maternal Education | |||
No or less than one year of formal education (55,165) | 4103 (8.2) | 0.14(0.13–0.15) | 0.56 (0.51–0.62) |
Up to Primary (1–5 years of schooling) (26,712) | 3401 (14.8) | 0.27(0.25–0.29) | 0.64 (0.58–0.70) |
Secondary (6–12 years of schooling) (88,871) | 20,117 (25.6) | 0.54(0.50–0.57) | 0.75 (0.70–0.80) |
Higher education (20150) | 7245 (39.1) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
Birth order | |||
First (61807) | 14,756 (26.4) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
Second (62484) | 12,985 (24.2) | 0.89(0.85–0.93) | 0.93 (0.88–0.98) |
Third (33064) | 4618 (15.7) | 0.52(0.49–0.55) | 0.84 (0.78–0.90) |
4 or more (33543) | 2507 (7.2) | 0.22(0.20–0.23) | 0.68 (0.62–0.75) |
Intended pregnancy | |||
Yes (173,407) | 32,904 (21.8) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
Did not want/later (17,390) | 1962 (12.5) | 0.51(0.47–0.50) | 0.83 (0.76–0.92) |
Previous miscarriage/abortion/still birth | |||
Yes (19,671) | 3975 (22.6) | 1.12 (1.04–1.18) | 1.13 (1.06–1.21) |
No (171,227) | 30,891 (20.8) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
Care during antenatal period | |||
Pregnancy registered | |||
Yes (160,769) | 32,675 (23.0) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
No (30,028) | 2191 (8.8) | 0.32(0.30–0.35) | 0.78 (0.71–0.85) |
Timing of first ANC visit | |||
1st trimester (43,776) | 14,322 (36.0) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
2nd trimester (101,278) | 19,016 (21.3) | 0.48(0.46–0.51) | 0.72 (0.69–0.76) |
3rd trimester (11,701) | 1514 (16.9) | 0.36(0.33–0.40) | 0.47 (0.42–0.53) |
Presence of child’s father at any ANC visit | |||
No (31,291) | 4538 (15.7) | 0.50 (0.47–0.53) | 0.72 (0.68–0.77) |
Yes (125,965) | 30,328 (27.1) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
Received ICDS benefits | |||
Yes (105,980) | 21,252 (22.0) | (Reference) | (Reference) |
No (84,824) | 13,614 (19.6) | 0.86(0.83–0.90) | 0.93 (0.88–0.98) |