Table 3 Multivariable Analyses of Determinants of Maternal Mortality: North and South
From: Levels and determinants of maternal mortality in northern and southern Nigeria
Variable | North (n = 32,629) OR (95% CI) | South (n = 18,863) OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
Community level | ||
 Community wealth | 0.14 (0.06–0.33) | 0.38 (0.16–0.89) |
Individual | ||
 Age | 0.91 (0.89–0.92) | 0.90 (0.88–0.93) |
 Social autonomy | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 1.06 (0.95–1.17) |
 Domestic violence | 0.98 (0.94–1.03) | 1.04 (0.92–1.16) |
Distance to facility | ||
 Small problem | 1 | 1 |
 Big problem | 0.99 (0.84–1.17) | 0.84 (0.59–1.19) |
Media exposure | ||
 No exposure | 1 | 1 |
 Low exposure | 1.39 (1.18–1.63) | 1.43 (0.89–2.29) |
 Medium exposure | 1.14 (0.84–1.55) | 1.51 (0.93–2.46) |
 High exposure | 1.16 (0.55–2.46) | 1.54 (0.70–3.36) |
Contraception type | ||
 No method | 1 | 1 |
 Folk/traditional | 1.50 (0.73–3.08) | 1.75 (1.20–2.56) |
 Modern | 1.44 (0.98–2.10) | 1.21 (0.84–1.77) |
Education | ||
 No education | 1 | 1 |
 Primary | 0.82 (0.64–1.05) | 1.02 (0.61–1.71) |
 Secondary/higher | 0.53 (0.39–0.74) | 0.63 (0.36–1.11) |
Religion | ||
 Catholics | 1 | 1 |
 Other Christians | 1.07 (0.61–1.86) | 0.96 (0.61–1.49) |
 Islam | 1.13 (0.62–2.06) | 0.99 (0.55–1.79) |
 Traditionalist/Other | 1.19 (0.54–2.59) | 1.16 (0.42–3.24) |
Ethnicity - North | ||
 Fulani | 1 | – |
 Hausa | 0.82 (0.64–1.06) | – |
 Kanuri/Beriberi | 1.04 (0.65–1.64) | – |
 Tiv | 0.98 (0.53–1.79) | – |
 Yoruba | 1.02 (0.52–1.99) | – |
 Others | 0.99 (0.72–1.38) | – |
Ethnicity - South | ||
 Ekoi/Ibibio | – | 1 |
 Igbo | – | 1.03 (0.61–1.76) |
 Ijaw/Izon | – | 1.20 (0.63–2.32) |
 Yoruba | – | 0.69 (0.40–1.19) |
 Others | – | 0.69 (0.39–1.19) |
Type of residence | ||
 Urban | 1 | 1 |
 Rural | 0.90 (0.69–1.16) | 0.68 (0.51–0.92) |
Wealth index | ||
 Poor | 1 | 1 |
 Middle | 1.11 (0.88–1.39) | 1.75 (1.04–2.94) |
 Rich | 1.14 (0.84–1.54) | 1.56 (0.92–2.64) |
Water quality | ||
 Improved | 1 | 1.00 |
 Unimproved | 1.01 (0.84–1.20) | 1.14 (0.84–1.55) |
Year | ||
 2008 | 1 | 1 |
 2013 | 0.97 (0.82–1.15) | 0.90 (0.67–1.19) |