From: Levels and determinants of maternal mortality in northern and southern Nigeria
Variable | North (n = 32,629) OR (95% CI) | South (n = 18,863) OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|
Community level | ||
 Community wealth | 0.17 (0.09–0.32) | 0.36 (0.19–0.68) |
Individual | ||
 Age | 0.91 (0.89–0.92) | 0.92 (0.90–0.94) |
 Social autonomy | 0.92 (0.87–0.98) | 0.98 (0.89–1.07) |
 Domestic violence | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 1.10 (1.02–1.20) |
Distance to facility | ||
 Small problem | 1 | 1 |
 Big problem | 1.01 (0.87–1.16) | 1.03 (0.78–1.34) |
Media exposure | ||
 No exposure | 1 | 1 |
 Low exposure | 1.18 (1.01–1.38) | 1.52 (1.04–2.23) |
 Medium exposure | 0.93 (0.72–1.21) | 1.40 (0.96–2.04) |
 High exposure | 0.61 (0.32–1.14) | 1.35 (0.75–2.43) |
Contraception type | ||
 No method | 1 | 1 |
 Folk/traditional | 0.82 (0.41–1.62) | 1.48 (1.06–2.06) |
 Modern | 0.82 (0.58–1.15) | 1.05 (0.76–1.46) |
Education | ||
 No education | 1 | 1 |
 Primary | 0.83 (0.68–1.02) | 1.49 (0.99–2.25) |
 Secondary/higher | 0.77 (0.63–0.95) | 1.47 (0.98–2.21) |
Religion | ||
 Catholics | 1 | 1 |
 Other Christians | 0.94 (0.63–1.39) | 0.90 (0.65–1.24) |
 Islam | 1.35 (0.95–1.90) | 0.70 (0.46–1.08) |
 Traditionalist/Other | 1.32 (0.74–2.35) | 0.88 (0.37–2.09) |
Ethnicity - North | ||
 Fulani | 1 | – |
 Hausa | 0.83 (0.66–1.05) | – |
 Kanuri/Beriberi | 0.94 (0.62–1.42) | – |
 Tiv | 0.82 (0.56–1.20) | – |
 Yoruba | 0.40 (0.23–0.71) | – |
 Others | 0.70 (0.54–0.90) | – |
Ethnicity - South | ||
 Ekoi/Ibibio | – | 1 |
 Igbo | – | 0.72 (0.46–1.11) |
 Ijaw/Izon | – | 0.68 (0.38–1.22) |
 Yoruba | – | 0.41 (0.26–0.65) |
 Others | – | 0.48 (0.30–0.76) |
Type of residence | ||
 Urban | 1 | 1 |
 Rural | 1.05 (0.87–1.28) | 0.91 (0.72–1.15) |
Wealth index | ||
 Poor | 1 | 1 |
 Middle | 0.99 (0.82–1.22) | 1.32 (0.90–1.94) |
 Rich | 0.80 (0.65–0.98) | 1.13 (0.81–1.56) |
Water quality | ||
 Improved | 1 | 1.00 |
 Unimproved | 1.07 (0.92–1.25) | 1.08 (0.84–1.39) |
Year | ||
 2004 | 1 | 1 |
 2011 | 0.99 (0.85–1.17) | 0.94 (0.74–1.19) |