From: Are women in Singapore gaining weight appropriately during pregnancy: a prospective cohort study
4a) Logistic regression of predictors of total gestational weight gain above IOM recommendations | ||||
Variable | Univariate OR a | Multivariate Adjusted OR b | ||
Odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | |
Maternal body mass index category (kg/m2) | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||
Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 0.33 (0.11, 0.99) | 0.049 | 0.25 (0.08–0.83) | 0.023 |
Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9) | Reference | Reference | – | |
Overweight (BMI 25–29.9) | 4.02 (2.70, 6.00) | <.0001 | 3.91 (2.60–5.88) | <.0001 |
Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 4.98 (2.97, 8.35) | <.0001 | 4.78 (2.80–8.15) | <.0001 |
Maternal educational level | 0.020 | 0.015 | ||
University and above | Reference | Reference- | ||
Junior college/Polytechnic | 1.93 (1.28, 2.93) | 0.002 | 1.96 (1.25–3.07) | 0.004 |
ITEc | 1.59 (0.88, 2.87) | 0.128 | 1.45 (0.76–2.76) | 0.262 |
Secondary and below | 1.39 (0.88, 2.21) | 0.162 | 1.05 (0.63–1.77) | 0.853 |
Smoking before pregnancy, Y vs N | 1.76 (1.14, 2.72) | 0.011 | 1.67 (1.02–2.77) | 0.043 |
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, Y vs N | 2.74 (1.04, 7.20) | 0.042 | 2.36 (0.79, 7.01) | 0.117 |
4b) Logistic regression of predictors of total gestational weight gain below IOM recommendations | ||||
Variable | Univariate OR d | Multivariate Adjusted ORe | ||
Odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | |
Maternal body mass index category (kg/m2) | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||
Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 1.02 (0.59, 1.78) | 0.945 | 1.06 (0.60–1.87) | 0.841 |
Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9) | Reference- | Reference | ||
Overweight (BMI 25–29.9) | 0.30 (0.19, 0.47) | <.0001 | 0.28 (0.18–0.44) | <.0001 |
Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 0.63 (0.37, 1.06) | 0.079 | 0.60 (0.35–1.04) | 0.067 |
Maternal age | 1.03 (0.99, 1.06) | 0.085 | – | – |
Marital status, Unmarriedf vs Married | 0.55 (0.28,1.10) | 0.090 | – | – |
Parity | 0.020 | 0.002 | ||
0 | Reference | Reference- | ||
1 | 1.63 (1.16, 2.29) | 0.005 | 1.85 (1.29–2.64) | 0.001 |
2 or more | 1.28 (0.80, 2.06) | 0.306 | 1.52 (0.98–2.69) | 0.060 |
Smoking before pregnancy, Y vs N | 0.69 (0.44, 1.08) | 0.104 | – | – |
Smoking during pregnancy, Y vs N | 0.31 (0.08, 1.24) | 0.098 | 0.27 (0.06–1.21) | 0.087 |
Exercise during pregnancy, Y vs N | 0.58 (0.31, 1.07) | 0.080 | 0.63 (0.33–1.19) | 0.155 |