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Table 4 Predictors of total gestational weight gain above/below IOM recommendations, whole cohort(N = 724)

From: Are women in Singapore gaining weight appropriately during pregnancy: a prospective cohort study

4a) Logistic regression of predictors of total gestational weight gain above IOM recommendations

Variable

Univariate OR a

Multivariate Adjusted OR b

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P-value

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P-value

Maternal body mass index category (kg/m2)

<.0001

 

<.0001

 Underweight (BMI < 18.5)

0.33 (0.11, 0.99)

0.049

0.25 (0.08–0.83)

0.023

 Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9)

Reference

 

Reference

–

 Overweight (BMI 25–29.9)

4.02 (2.70, 6.00)

<.0001

3.91 (2.60–5.88)

<.0001

 Obese (BMI ≥ 30)

4.98 (2.97, 8.35)

<.0001

4.78 (2.80–8.15)

<.0001

Maternal educational level

0.020

 

0.015

 University and above

Reference

Reference-

 Junior college/Polytechnic

1.93 (1.28, 2.93)

0.002

1.96 (1.25–3.07)

0.004

 ITEc

1.59 (0.88, 2.87)

0.128

1.45 (0.76–2.76)

0.262

 Secondary and below

1.39 (0.88, 2.21)

0.162

1.05 (0.63–1.77)

0.853

Smoking before pregnancy, Y vs N

1.76 (1.14, 2.72)

0.011

1.67 (1.02–2.77)

0.043

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, Y vs N

2.74 (1.04, 7.20)

0.042

2.36 (0.79, 7.01)

0.117

4b) Logistic regression of predictors of total gestational weight gain below IOM recommendations

Variable

Univariate OR d

Multivariate Adjusted ORe

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P-value

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P-value

Maternal body mass index category (kg/m2)

<.0001

 

<.0001

 Underweight (BMI < 18.5)

1.02 (0.59, 1.78)

0.945

1.06 (0.60–1.87)

0.841

 Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9)

Reference-

Reference

 Overweight (BMI 25–29.9)

0.30 (0.19, 0.47)

<.0001

0.28 (0.18–0.44)

<.0001

 Obese (BMI ≥ 30)

0.63 (0.37, 1.06)

0.079

0.60 (0.35–1.04)

0.067

Maternal age

1.03 (0.99, 1.06)

0.085

–

–

Marital status, Unmarriedf vs Married

0.55 (0.28,1.10)

0.090

–

–

Parity

0.020

 

0.002

 0

Reference

Reference-

 1

1.63 (1.16, 2.29)

0.005

1.85 (1.29–2.64)

0.001

 2 or more

1.28 (0.80, 2.06)

0.306

1.52 (0.98–2.69)

0.060

Smoking before pregnancy, Y vs N

0.69 (0.44, 1.08)

0.104

–

–

Smoking during pregnancy, Y vs N

0.31 (0.08, 1.24)

0.098

0.27 (0.06–1.21)

0.087

Exercise during pregnancy, Y vs N

0.58 (0.31, 1.07)

0.080

0.63 (0.33–1.19)

0.155

  1. aVariables significant at p < 0.20 in univariate analysis; variables not listed include maternal age, race, parity, maternal employment at onset of pregnancy, monthly household income category, pre-existing hypertension, pre-existing diabetes, maternal thyroid disease, smoking during pregnancy, alcohol use before pregnancy, alcohol use during pregnancy, exercise before pregnancy, exercise during pregnancy and GDM
  2. bArea under the curve = 0.732
  3. cITE stands for Institute of Technical Education, it is a public vocational education institution in Singapore that provides pre- employment training to secondary school leavers and continuing education and training to working adults
  4. dVariables significant at p < 0.20 in univariate analysis; variables not listed include race, maternal educational level, maternal employment at onset of pregnancy, monthly household income category, pre-existing hypertension, pre-existing diabetes, maternal thyroid disease, alcohol use before pregnancy, alcohol use during pregnancy, exercise before pregnancy, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and GDM
  5. eArea under the curve = 0.643
  6. fUnmarried include single, separated or divorced
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