Table 2 Characteristics of cohort studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis (n = 10)
Subjects (n) | Exercise | Control | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author, year, country | Total | Int | Con | Recruitment GA (weeks) | Mode | Tri | Frequency (times/week) | Duration (min) | Intensity | Intensity | MA outcomes reported |
Bell, et al., 1995, Australia [35] | 99 | 58 | 41 | < 20 | Any | 3rd | ≥3 | ≥3 | “working up a sweat, getting puffed and at least 50% MHR” | No vigorous exercise prior to or during pregnancy | BW, SGA |
Collings, et al., 1983, United States [36] | 20 | 12 | 8 | 2nd trimester | Supervised cycle ergometer | 3rd | 3 | 40 | 65–70% VO2max | No exercise | BW, GWG |
Magann, et al., 2002, United States [37] | 455 | 238 | 217 | < 20 | Any | 3rd | ≥3 | ≥3 | 60–80% MHR | No exercise | BW, SGA, GA at delivery, Prematurity, GWG |
Hegaard, et al., 2010, Denmark [38] | 4458 | 176 | Light intensity, n = 2384, sedentary, n = 1998 | 16 | Any | 3rd | Unable to evaluate | ≥180 | Moderate to heavy: “running, swimming, tennis, and competitive sports.” | Light intensity: “light gardening, playing table tennis”; sedentary: “mostly sitting” | BW, SGA |
Sternfeld, et al., 1995, United States [39] | 388 | 33 | Moderate intensity, n = 53, light exercise, n = 55, sedentary, n = 242 | < 20 | Aerobic | 3rd | ≥3 | ≥20 | “Vigorous walking” (specific intensity not reported) | Moderate intensity: aerobic, without vigorous intensity; light exercise: at least once per week but less than other groups; sedentary: no aerobic exercise | BW |
Rose, et al., 1991, United States [40] | 21,342 | 1264 | Light intensity, n = 2127, sedentary, n = 17,951 | 2nd | Any | 2nd | Not specified | Not specified | ‘vigorous activity’ | ‘light or moderate activity’ | BW, SGA |
Kuhrt, et al., 2018, United Kingdom [43] | 787 | 206 | 581 | Retrospective | Running | 3rd | ≥1 | n/a | n/a | No running | GA at delivery, prematurity |
Zeanah, et al., 1993, United States [44] | 173 | 18 | 69 | Retrospective | Any | 3rd | ≥2 | n/a | ≥150 bpm | Moderate intensity: 130–149 bpm; Light intensity: ≤129 bpm | GWG, BW |
Hall, et al., 1987, United States [41] | 845 | 452 | 393 | Not reported | Supervised machine-based resistance training, and cycling | 3rd | 3 | 45 | 85% MHR | No exercise | BW, GA at delivery |
McCowan, et al., 2010, International [42] | 3513 | 41 | 3472 | 15 weeks | Any | 2nd | Daily | Not specified | “Exercise leading to heaving breathing or being out of breath” | Not specified | SGA |