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Table 5 Risk of growth restriction compared to normal growth by maternal country of birth: 1997–2010 (n = 227,118)

From: Are preterm birth and intra-uterine growth restriction more common in Western Australian children of immigrant backgrounds? A population based data linkage study

POBW (%)

ANI

(n = 151,295)

AI

(n = 12,402)

FB-LIC

(n = 2064)

FB-LMIC

(n = 11,997)

FB-UMIC

(n = 11,493)

FB-HIC

(n = 37,867)

n

cRRR, (95%CI)

aRRRa (95%CI)

n

cRRR, (95%CI)

aRRRa (95%CI)

n

cRRR, (95%CI)

aRRRa (95%CI)

n

cRRR, (95%CI)

aRRRa (95%CI)

n

cRRR, (95%CI)

aRRRa (95%CI)

n

cRRR, (95%CI)

aRRRa (95%CI)

< 75

severe

3617

Ref

Ref

919

4.06 (3.75, 4.41)

2.64 (2.42, 2.89)

64

1.38 (1.07, 1.79)

1.69 1.30, 2.20)

371

1.34 (1.21, 1.51)

1.72 (1.53, 1.93)

260

0.96 (0.84, 1.09)

1.17 (1.03, 1.33)

907

0.98 (0.91, 1.06)

1.03 (0.95, 1.11)

75–84

moderate

11,611

Ref

Ref

2029

2.79 (2.63, 2.97)

1.99 (1.86, 2.12)

202

1.36 (1.16, 1.60)

1.54 (1.32, 1.81)

1178

1.33 (1.25, 1.43)

1.59 (1.48, 1.70)

964

1.10 (1.03, 1.19)

1.28 (1.19, 1.38)

3005

1.01 (0.97, 1.06)

1.06 (1.00, 1.10)

85–94

mild

36,115

Ref

Ref

3475

1.54 (1.46, 1.62)

1.34 (1.27, 1.40)

563

1.22 (1.09, 1.37)

1.28 (1.14, 1.43)

3353

1.22 (1.16, 1.28)

1.31 (1.25, 1.38)

2934

1.08 (1.03, 1.14)

1.14 (1.09, 1.20)

9185

1.00 (0.97, 1.03)

1.01 (0.98, 1.04)

95–104

50,309

3146

643

3827

3782

12,829

105–114

33,026

Ref

Ref

1753

0.85 (0.80, 0.90)

0.91 (0.85, 0.97)

407

0.96 (0.85, 1.09)

0.92 (0.82, 1.05)

2193

0.87 (0.83, 0.92)

0.84 (0.80, 0.89)

2387

0.96 (0.91, 1.01)

0.93 (0.88, 0.98)

7942

0.94 (0.91, 0.97)

0.93 (0.90, 0.96)

115–124

11,839

Ref

Ref

632

0.85 (0.78, 0.93)

0.95 (0.87, 1.05)

125

0.83 (0.68, 1.00)

0.76 (0.62, 0.92)

733

0.81 (0.75, 0.88)

0.76 (0.70, 0.83)

806

0.91 (0.84, 0.98)

0.86 (0.80, 0.93)

2887

0.96 (0.92, 0.97)

0.94 (0.90, 0.98)

≥125

4778

Ref

Ref

448

1.50 (1.35, 1.66)

1.70 (1.52, 1.90)

60

0.98 (0.75, 1.28)

0.90 (0.69, 1.18)

342

0.94 (0.84, 1.06)

0.87 (0.78, 0.98)

360

1.00 (0.90, 1.12)

0.95 (0.85, 1.06)

1112

0.91 (0.85, 0.98)

0.89 (0.83, 0.95)

  1. ANI Australian-born mothers of non-Indigenous backgrounds, AI Australian-born mothers of Indigenous background, FB-LIC foreign-born mothers from low-income countries, FB-LMIC foreign-born mothers from lower-middle-income countries, FB-UMIC foreign-born mothers of upper-middle-income countries, FB-HIC foreign-born mothers from high-income countries, cRRR crude relative risk ratio, aRRR adjusted relative risk ratio, CI confidence interval, Ref reference group
  2. a Adjusted for parity, birth year, SEIFA score, maternal smoking status, maternal age, and sex