Table 3 Univariate analysis of factors associated with and without pregnancy-related low back pain (LBP) and/or pelvic girdle pain (PGP)
From: Prevalence and severity of low back- and pelvic girdle pain in pregnant Nepalese women
Variables | With LBP and/or PGP (n = 432) | Without LBP and/or PGP (n = 852) | Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, n (%) | ||||
≤ 21 | 92 (21) | 238 (28) | – | 0.08 |
22–24 | 133 (31) | 243 (28) | 1.4 (1.03–2.00) | |
25–27 | 99 (23) | 177 (21) | 1.5 (1.03–2.04) | |
≥ 28 | 108 (25) | 194 (23) | 1.4 (1.03–2.02) | |
Weeks of gestation, n (%) | ||||
1–12 | 52 (12) | 127 (15) | – | 0.09 |
13–28 | 208 (49) | 430 (51) | 1.2 (0.82–1.70) | |
29–40 | 168 (39) | 284 (34) | 1.4 (0.99–2.10) | |
Body mass index, n (%) | ||||
< 20 | 36 (10) | 63 (9) | – | < 0.001 |
20–24 | 142 (38) | 371 (50) | 0.7 (0.43–1.05) | |
25–30 | 159 (42) | 259 (35) | 1.1 (0.68–1.69) | |
> 30 | 39 (10) | 45 (6) | 1.5 (0.84–2.74) | |
Participant’s education, years, n (%) | ||||
No education | 25 (6) | 88 (10) | – | 0.003 |
Primary-secondary (5–10) | 200 (46) | 425 (50) | 1.7 (1.03–2.66) | |
Higher secondary and above (≥11) | 207 (48) | 339 (40) | 2.2 (1.33–3.46) | |
Husbands education, years, n (%) | ||||
No education | 15 (3) | 45 (5) | – | 0.004 |
Primary- secondary (5–10) | 199 (46) | 457 (54) | 1.3 (0.71–2.40) | |
Higher secondary and above (≥ 11) | 218 (51) | 350 (41) | 1.9 (1.02–3.43) | |
Participant’s monthly income, USD, n (%) | ||||
No income | 352 (81) | 748 (88) | – | 0.009 |
≤ 153 | 56 (13) | 71 (8) | 1.7 (1.16–2.43) | |
> 153 | 24 (6) | 33 (4) | 1.6 (0.90–2.65) | |
Husbands monthly income, USD, n (%) | ||||
No income | 265 (61) | 597 (70) | – | 0.007 |
≤ 153 | 68 (16) | 106 (12) | 1.4 (1.03–2.03) | |
> 153 | 99 (23) | 149 (18) | 1.5 (1.11–2.01) | |
Child care, n (%) | ||||
No | 291 (67) | 542 (64) | – | 0.18 |
Yes | 141 (33) | 310 (36) | 0.8 (0.66–1.08) | |
Fetching water, n (%) | ||||
No | 260 (60) | 561 (66) | – | 0.05 |
Yes | 172 (40) | 291 (34) | 1.3 (1.00–1.62) | |
Field work, n (%) | ||||
No | 356 (82) | 733 (86) | – | 0.09 |
Yes | 76 (18) | 119 (14) | 1.3 (0.96–1.80) | |
Rest during work, n (%) | ||||
No | 271 (63) | 577 (68) | – | 0.07 |
Yes | 161 (37) | 275 (32) | 1.2 (0.98–1.59) | |
POP-SS, n (%) | ||||
0–2 (no symptoms of POP) | 209 (48) | 731 (86) | – | < 0.001 |
≥ 3 (symptoms of POP) | 223 (52) | 121 (14) | 6.4 (4.92–8.34) | |
ICIQ-UI SF, n (%) | ||||
0- No UI | 333 (77) | 723 (85) | – | 0.003 |
1- Reported UI | 99 (23) | 129 (15) | 1.7 (1.24–2.23) | |
EDS-5, n (%) | ||||
< 5 - no symptoms of depression | 309 (72) | 714 (84) | – | < 0.001 |
≥ 5 - symptoms of depression | 123 (28) | 138 (16) | 2.1 (1.56–2.72) | |