Table 3 Association between fetal anemia, preterm delivery, and Sociodemographic, obstetric and clinical characteristics of 631 pregnant women
| Â | Foetal Anemia | OR (95% CI) | p-value | Preterm delivery | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes 37 (%) | No 594 (%) | Yes | No | OR (95%CI) | p-value | AOR (95%CI) | p-value | |||
Variable | ||||||||||
Age groups | ||||||||||
 18–24 | 12 (32.4) | 266 (44.8) | 0.5 (0.17–1.47) | 0.21 | 31 (11.2) | 245 (88.8) | 1.4 (0.53–3.81) | 0.49 |  |  |
 25–29 | 10 (27.0) | 167 (28.1) | 0.7 (0.22–2.01) | 0.46 | 13 (7.3) | 166 (92.7) | 0.88 (0.30–2.57) | 0.81 |  |  |
 30–34 | 10 (27.0) | 106 (17.8) | 1.0 (0.34–3.19) | 0.95 | 9 (7.8) | 106 (92.2) | 0.95 (0.30–2.97) | 0.93 |  |  |
 > 34 | 5 (13.5) | 55 (9.3) | 1 |  | 5 (8.2) | 56 (91.8) | 1 |  |  |  |
Marital status | ||||||||||
 Unmarried | 6 (16.2) | 151 (25.4) | 0.6 (0.23–1.39) | 0.21 | 11 (7.0) | 146 (93.0) | 0.68 (0.35–1.36) | 0.28 |  |  |
 Married | 31 (83.8) | 443 (74.6) | 1 |  | 47 (9.9) | 427 (90.1) | 1 |  |  |  |
Education level | ||||||||||
 No formal education | 3 (8.1) | 22 (3.7) | 2.5 (0.24–25.67) | 0.45 | 0 (0.0) | 25 (100) | 0.0 | 1 |  |  |
 Primary education | 25 (67.6) | 341 (57.4) | 1.3 (0.17–10.29) | 0.80 | 32 (8.7) | 334 (91.3) | 0.51 (0.14–1.85) | 0.31 |  |  |
 Secondary education | 8 (21.6) | 213 (35.9) | 0.7 (0.08–5.71) | 0.72 | 23 (10.4) | 198 (89.6) | 0.62 (0.17–2.29) | 0.47 |  |  |
 Tertiary education | 1 (2.7) | 18 (3.0) | 1 |  | 3 (15.8) | 16 (84.2) | 1 |  |  |  |
Attendance to ANC | ||||||||||
 < 4 | 11 (29.7) | 210 (35.4) | 0.8 (0.38–1.60) | 0.49 | 24 (10.6) | 202 (89.4) | 1.3 (0.75–2.25) | 0.36 |  |  |
 ≥ 4 | 26 (70.3) | 384 (64.6) | 1 |  | 34 (8.4) | 371 (91.6) | 1 |  |  |  |
FEFO use | ||||||||||
 No | 3 (8.1) | 15 (2.5) | 3.4 (0.94–12.34) | 0.06 | 0 (0.0) | 18 (100.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 1 |  |  |
 Yes | 34 (91.9) | 579 (97.5) | 1 |  | 58 (9.5) | 555 (90.5) | 1 |  |  |  |
Mebendazole use | ||||||||||
 No | 2 (5.4) | 33 (5.6) | 1.0 (0.22–4.22) | 0.97 | 3 (8.6) | 32 (91.4) | 0.92 (0.27–3.11) | 0.90 |  |  |
 Yes | 35 (94.6) | 561 (94.4) | 1 |  | 55 (9.2) | 541 (90.8) | 1 |  |  |  |
Gravidity | ||||||||||
 Primigravida | 12 (32.4) | 231 (38.9) | 0.7 (0.34–1.65) | 0.5 | 31 (12.8) | 212 (87.2) | 1.95 (1.02–3.72) | 0.043 | 1.97 (1.01–3.81) | 0.045 |
 Secundigravida | 11 (29.7) | 162 (27.3) | 1.0 (0.43–2.21) | 1.0 | 12 (6.9) | 161 (93.1) | 0.99 (0.45–2.18) | 0.99 | 0.95 (0.43–2.13) | 0.91 |
 Multigravida | 14 (37.8) | 201 (33.8) | 1 |  | 15 (7.0) | 200 (93.0) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
IPTp-SP doses taken | ||||||||||
 0 | 0 (0.0) | 14 (2.4) | 0 | 1.0 | 0 (0.0) | 14 (100.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 1 | 0.0 (0.0) | 1 |
 1 | 6 (16.2) | 64 (10.8) | 1.7 (0.65–4.34) | 0.29 | 11 (15.7) | 59 (84.3) | 1.89 (0.91–3.93) | 0.09 | 1.87 (0.87–4.02) | 0.11 |
 2 | 11 (29.7) | 158 (26.6) | 1.2 (0.58–2.66) | 0.57 | 13 (7.7) | 156 (92.3) | 0.84 (0.43–1.64) | 0.62 | 0.83 (0.42–1.63) | 0.58 |
 ≥ 3 | 20 (54.1) | 358 (60.3) | 1 |  | 34 (9.0) | 344 (91.0) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
Malaria by MRDT | ||||||||||
 Positive | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.7) | – | 1.0 | 0 (0.0) | 4 (100.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 1 |  |  |
 Negative | 37 (100.0) | 590 (99.3) | – |  | 58 (9.3) | 569 (90.7) | 1 |  |  |  |
ITN use | ||||||||||
 Yes | 37 (100) | 582 (98.0) | 1 |  | 55 (8.9) | 564 (91.1) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
 No | 0 (0.0) | 12 (2.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 1 | 3 (25.0) | 9 (75.0) | 3.4 (0.90–13.0) | 0.07 | 3.31 (0.84–13.03) | 0.09 |
IRS use | ||||||||||
 Yes | 21 (56.8) | 373 (62.8) | 1 |  | 43 (10.9) | 351 (89.1) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
 No | 16 (43.2) | 221 (37.2) | 1.29 (0.66–2.52) | 0.46 | 15 (6.3) | 222 (93.7) | 0.55 (0.30–1.02) | 0.06 | 0.50 (0.27–0.95) | 0.03 |
Maternal anemia | ||||||||||
 Non-anemia (≥11.0 g/dL) | 18 (48.6) | 356 (59.9) | 1 |  | 3 (33.3) | 6 (66.7) | 1 |  | 1 |  |
 Mild anemia (10–10.9 g/dL) | 12 (32.4) | 133 (22.4) | 1.8 (0.837–3.805) | 0.13 | 11 (10.7) | 92 (89.3) | 0.85 (0.42–1.73) | 0.65 | 0.78 (0.38–1.62) | 0.50 |
 Moderate anemia (7.0–9.9 g/dL) | 6 (16.2) | 97 (16.3) | 1.2 (0.473–3.166) | 0.68 | 11 (7.6) | 134 (92.4) | 1.24 (0.60–2.54) | 0.57 | 1.25 (0.59–2.62) | 0.56 |
 Severe anemia (< 7.0 g/dL) | 1 (2.7) | 8 (1.3) | 2.5 (0.293–20.847) | 0.41 | 33 (8.8) | 341 (91.2) | 5.17 (1.24–21.62) | 0.025 | 6.5 (1.49–28.16) | 0.013 |