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Table 1 Maternal Sociodemographic Characteristics by Energy-Adjusted Change in Vegetable Intake in the IFPS II

From: Maternal vegetable intake during and after pregnancy

Mean (SD) c Residual adjusted + 2.5

 

Improved Vegetable Intake (n = 121)

Stable Inadequate (n = 370)

p-value

Reduced Vegetable Intake (n = 123)

Stable Adequate (n = 233)

p-value

Age (yrs.)

28.7 (5.25)

28.7 (4.98)

0.97

29.7 (5.23)

30.4 (5.28)

0.24

Poverty Income Level

2.70 (1.82)

2.54 (1.79)

0.39

2.69 (1.72)

3.14 (2.36)

0.04

Race (%)

 White

81.8

85.1

0.31

85.4

85.7

0.38

 Black

4.1

5.2

0.31

4.9

3.5

0.38

 Hispanic Ethnicity

9.1

4.6

0.31

4.1

6.1

0.38

 Other

4.9

5.2

0.31

5.7

4.8

0.38

Education (%)

 High school graduate or less

19.8

21.1

0.59

12.3

14.3

0.27

 College graduate or more

80.2

78.9

0.59

87.7

85.7

0.27

Marital Status (%)

 Married

82.8

78.9

0.55

84.0

87.7

0.54

 Widowed/Divorced/Separated

2.6

3.1

0.55

4.2

3.1

0.54

 Never Married

14.7

18.0

0.55

11.8

9.1

0.54

 Nulliparous (%)

27.5

25.5

0.66

29.8

31.3

0.76

 Works for someone else full time* (%)

33.3

39.2

0.27

43.5

30.0

0.047

 Mother enrollment in WIC 2-mo (%)

28.7

26.4

0.65

28.2

20.7

0.13

 Servings of Fruita (Mean (SE))

2.47 (0.17)

1.77 (0.20)

0.0006

1.70 (0.17)

2.29 (0.12)

0.002

 Servings of Vegetables

2.76 (0.10)b

1.25 (0.06)a

< 0.0001

2.70 (0.10)b

4.25 (0.07)c

< 0.0001

 Servings of Dairy

2.99 (0.11)ab

3.21 (0.06)a

0.08

2.93 (0.11)ab

2.71 (0.08)b

0.07

 Servings of whole grainsa

3.03 (0.06)

2.96 (0.03)

0.28

2.92 (0.05)

3.09 (0.04)

0.01

 Grams of sugara

49.8 (0.23)b

50.8 (0.13)a

< 0.0001

50.0 (0.23)b

48.8 (0.17)c

< 0.0001

 Grams of discretionary fata

20.3 (1.13)

21.3 (0.65)

0.42

22.9 (1.12)

23.6 (0.81)

0.64

  1. a This is an average of the pre-post
  2. b This variable is defined as 0 (fulltime homemaker, disabled student, etc. and not employed, retired and not employed, temporarily unemployed), 1 = self-employed, works for someone else part time only, or 2 = works for someone else full time)
  3. Boldface indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05)
  4. WIC Women Infant and Children
  5. Poverty Income Level: Indicates federal poverty level
  6. c Dietary variables were not considered possible control variables