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Table 1 Socio-demographic, pregnancy profile, and vitamin D intake of women (N = 232)

From: Vitamin D deficiency status and its related risk factors during early pregnancy: a cross-sectional study of pregnant Minangkabau women, Indonesia

Independent variables

Percent (%)

Mean ± SD (range) / Median (IQR, 25, 75%)

Socio-demographic factors

Location

 a. Padang

5.60

 

 b. Padang Pariaman

18.50

 

 c. Payakumbuh

26.30

 

 d. Lima Puluh Kota

32.80

 

 e. Pariaman

16.80

 

Geographical statusa

 a. Coastal

40.90

 

 b. Mountainous

59.10

 

Urban statusb

 a. Urban

48.70

 

 b. Rural

51.30

 

Age (year)

 

29.77 ± 5.68 (min = 17, max = 44)

Age groups

 a. ≤20

3

 

 b. 21–25

23.70

 

 c. 26–30

28

 

 d. > 30

45.30

 

Educational status

 a. Primary school

28.90

 

 b. Secondary school

40.50

 

 c. Tertiary school

30.60

 

Working status

 a. Working

32.80

 

 b. Not working

67.20

 

Household income per month (IDR)

 

IDR 2.400 (1.400) (min = IDR 700, max = IDR 48.000)

Household members

 

3 (1) (min = 4, max = 7)

Pregnancy profiles

Gestational age (week)

 

10 (4) (min = 5, max = 12)

Parity status

 a. Nulliparous

25.40

 

 b. Multiparous

74.60

 

Pre-pregnancy weight (kg)

 

55.48 ± 11.33 (min = 36, max = 95)

Height (cm)

 

154.35 ± 6.0 (min = 140, max = 176)

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)

 

23.45 ± 4.56 (min = 14.10, max = 37)

Maternal weight of 1st trimester (kg)

 

56.15 ± 11.87 (min = 31, max = 93.9)

Upper arm circumference (cm)

 

27 ± 3.79 (min = 17, max = 38)

Smoking status

 a. Yes

2.60

 

 b. No

97.40

 

Spontaneous abortion

 a. Yes

11.60

 

 b. No

88.40

 

History of preterm birth

 a. Yes

3

 

 b. No

97

 

Blood pressure (mmHg)

 a. Systolic

 

110.39 ± 11.32 (min = 90, max = 150)

 b. Diastolic

 

75.41 ± 7.11 (min = 60, max = 90)

Factors related to vitamin D intake

Consuming supplement before pregnancy

 a. Yes

12.90

 

 b. No

87.10

 

Consuming supplement during 1st trimester

 a. Yes

38.40

 

 b. No

61.60

 

Calcium and vitamin D supplementsa

 a. Yes

16.40

 

 b. No

83.60

 

Intake of vitamin D from food

 

5.32 (3.10) (min = 0.37, max = 23.63)

The level of vitamin D from food

3.40

 

 a. ≥15 mcg/day (adequate)

96.60

 

 b. < 15 mcg/day (inadequate)

  

Intake of calcium from food

 

459.230 (367.87) (min = 353.27, max = 721.14)

The level of calcium from food

 a. ≥1300 mg/day (adequate)

9.90

 

 b. < 1300 mg/day (inadequate)

90.10

 
  1. a Geographical status divided by research location in coastal area and mountainous area; b Urban status divided by location at urban area (Padang, Payakumbuh, and Pariaman) and rural area (Lima Puluh Kota and Padang Pariaman); BMI, body mass index