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Table 2 Results of hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis to predict depressive symptoms during the 2nd and 3rd trimester by proximal risk factors of the 2nd trimester

From: Gestational weight gain, physical activity, sleep problems, substance use, and food intake as proximal risk factors of stress and depressive symptoms during pregnancy

Variable

2 nd trimester – Cross-sectional

3 rd trimester – Longitudinal

n

B (SE)

β

R 2

F

R 2 change

n

B (SE)

β

R 2

F

R 2 change

GWG

458

     

344

     

Block 1

   

0.03

4.67**

0.03

   

0.01

2.24

0.01

 Age

 

−0.06 (0.04)

−0.08

    

–

–

   

 Pregravid BMI

 

0.08 (0.03)

0.11*

    

0.08 (0.04)

0.10

   

 Pregnancy intention

 

−0.79 (0.38)

−0.09*

    

−0.38 (0.46)

−0.04

   

Block 2

   

0.04

4.22

0.01

   

0.02

2.02

0.01

 GWG

 

0.07 (0.04)

0.08

    

0.06 (0.05)

0.07

   

Physical activity

342

     

275

     

Block 1

   

0.02

1.79

0.02

   

0.01

0.65

0.01

 Age

 

−0.06 (0.04)

−0.08

    

–

–

   

 Pregravid BMI

 

0.05 (0.04)

0.07

    

0.05 (0.05)

0.07

   

 Pregnancy intention

 

−0.44 (0.46)

− 0.05

    

−0.02 (0.52)

−0.01

   

Block 2

   

0.03

1.79

0.02

   

0.04

2.04

0.03

 Physical activity

reference group: once a week

 Less than once a month

 

1.05 (0.42)

0.15

    

1.23 (0.45)

0.17**

   

 Once a month

 

0.34 (0.52)

0.04*

    

0.30 (0.59)

0.03

   

 Daily

 

0.14 (0.58)

0.01

    

0.36 (0.66)

−0.03

   

Sleep problems

292

     

225

     

Block 1

   

0.07

7.02***

0.07

   

0.02

2.48

0.02

 Age

 

−0.06 (0.05)

−0.08

    

–

–

   

 Pregravid BMI

 

0.12 (0.04)

0.15**

    

0.08 (0.05)

0.11

   

 Pregnancy intention

 

−1.58 (0.49)

−0.18**

    

− 0.81 (0.56)

− 0.10

   

Block 2

   

0.26

25.32***

0.19

   

0.10

8.55***

0.08

 Sleep problems

 

0.38 (0.04)

0.45***

    

0.26 (0.06)

0.30***

   

Alcohol use

399

     

309

     

Block 1

   

0.02

4.45**

0.02

   

0.02

3.69*

0.02

 Age

 

−0.07 (0.04)

−0.09

    

–

–

   

 Pregravid BMI

 

0.10 (0.04)

0.14**

    

0.11 (0.04)

0.15**

   

 Pregnancy intention

 

−0.58 (0.43)

− 0.07

    

−0.32 (0.50)

−0.04

   

Block 2

   

0.04

3.91**

0.01

   

0.03

2.81*

0.00

 Alcohol use

reference group: non-drinker

 Quitter

 

−0.56 (0.37)

−0.08

    

−0.43 (0.42)

−0.06

   

Cigarette smoking

364

     

275

     

Block 1

   

0.02

2.80*

0.02

   

0.01

1.02

0.01

 Age

 

−0.03 (0.04)

−0.04

    

–

–

   

 Pregravid BMI

 

0.09 (0.04)

0.11*

    

0.06 (0.05)

0.08

   

 Pregnancy intention

 

−0.75 (0.47)

− 0.08

    

−0.28 (0.57)

−0.03

   

Block 2

   

0.03

2.43*

0.01

   

0.01

0.95

0.00

 Cigarette smoking

reference group: non-smoker

 Quitter

 

0.52 (0.45)

0.06

    

0.48 (0.53)

0.06

   

Snack food intake

389

     

292

     

Block 1

   

0.03

4.23**

0.03

   

0.03

4.13*

0.03

 Age

 

−0.05 (0.04)

−0.06

    

–

–

   

 Pregravid BMI

 

0.11 (0.04)

0.14**

    

0.12 (0.04)

0.16**

   

 Pregnancy intention

 

−0.54 (0.41)

− 0.07

    

− 0.42 (0.50)

− 0.05

   

Block 2

   

0.04

4.53*

0.01

   

0.03

3.15*

0.00

 Snack food intake

 

0.32 (0.14)

0.12*

    

0.21 (0.19)

0.06

   
  1. Note. n number of pregnant women included in the model. B (SE) estimated value of raw (unstandardized) regression coefficient (standard error). β population value (standardized) of regression coefficient. R2 coefficient of multiple determination. F Fisher’s ratio. BMI body mass index, kg/m2. GWG gestational weight gain. ***p < .001. **p < .01. *p < .05