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Table 1 Summary table of included studies of Patient Reported Outcomes (PROM)

From: Patient reported outcome measures for use in pregnancy and childbirth: a systematic review

Reference

Country

Population and study design

Aspect of pregnancy and childbirth assessed

Setting or level of care

Aim of study

Tools used in study to assess health outcomes

Fletcher et al. (2015) [15]

UK

273 women admitted to hospital with hyperemesis gravidarum were randomised to receive either individualised or usual care and advice.

Pregnancy - Antenatal care

Hospital in-patient

Using HIS to tailor advice on hyperemesis to individual women’s needs and reduce hospital admissions.

• Hyperemesis Impact of Symptoms (HIS)

• SF-36

• EQ-5D-3 L

• Pregnancy Unique Quantification of Emesis (PUQE)

Kopec et al. (2015) [12]

Poland

205 women with gestational diabetes treated at a clinic in Poland were assessed twice during pregnancy with an average eight-week interval.

Pregnancy - Diabetes in pregnancy

Clinic

Investigate changes in PROs (particularly psychological and social) of women with GDM during pregnancy and identify factors associated with distress.

• SF-8 (short version of the SF-36)

• Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales (HADS)

• Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID)

Symon et al. (2015) [17]

UK

Tool was posted to 678 women recruited to a RCT of self-hypnosis for pain during birth to assess as part of a 10-page pack.

Childbirth – not specified

Home

Assess the feasibility and acceptability of using the Mother Generated Index and compare its findings with other QoL tools.

• Mother Generated Index (MGI)

• EQ-5D-3 L

• Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)

• State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)

Thompson et al. (2011) [13]

Australia & New Zealand

A multi-centre cohort study including 206 women with significant primary postpartum haemorrhage (>1500mls).

Postnatal – Postpartum haemorrhage

Home

To describe the physical and psychological outcomes of women who had experienced a significant primary postpartum haemorrhage.

• Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)

• State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)

• PTSD checklist

• Milligan’s postpartum fatigue scale

• SF-36

Visser et al. (2018) [14]

Netherlands

A retrospective, cross-sectional survey of 372 women who had experienced major obstetric haemorrhage (>2500mls) in six hospitals.

Maternity –Major obstetric haemorrhage

Home

To explore patients’ experience and outcomes following major obstetric haemorrhage and to investigate which patients are most at risk of negative sequelae.

• Study specific (based on Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems)

Yawn et al. (2012) [16]

USA

2343 women between 5 and 12 weeks postnatal, whose general practice was randomly allocated to provide either ‘usual care’ or the intervention package.

Maternity – Postnatal depression

Primary care

Determine the effect of a primary care based screening, diagnosis and management intervention on postnatal depression in women 5–12 weeks postpartum.

• Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)

• 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)

  1. Abbreviations: EPDS = Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales; HIS = Hyperemesis Impact of Symptoms; MGI = Mother Generated Index; PAID = Problem Areas in Diabetes; PHQ-9 = 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire; PUQE = Pregnancy Unique Quantification of Emesis; SF-36 = Short Form 36; STAI = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory