Table 1 Maternal characteristics stratified by maternal fasting category

Mothers’ age (year)

27.87 ± 6.51

27.08 ± 6.37

P = 0.7^a

 • Primary school

102 (65.8%)

67 (46.5%)

P = 0.005^b

 • Secondary school

36 (23.2%)

50 (34.7%)

 • Academic education

16 (10.3%)

27 (18.8%)

 • Erbil

103 (66.5%)

100 (69.4%)

P = 0.25^b

 • Suburban

52 (33.5%)

42 (29.2%)

 • Not working

138 (89%)

112 (77.8%)

P = 0.01^b

 • Working

17 (11%)

30 (20.8%)

Number of gravid

P = 0.42^b

 • 1–2

133 (85.8%)

128 (88.9%)

 • 3–4

22 (14.2%)

16 (11.1)

Number of para

P = 0.27^b

 • 0

2 (1.3%)

0

 • 1

108 (69.7%)

108 (75%)

 • 2

45 (29%)

35 (25%)

Number of miscarriage

P = 0.53^b

 • 0

110 (71%)

107 (74.3%)

 • 1–2

40 (25.8%)

35 (24.3%)

 • 3

5 (3.2%)

2 (1.4%)

Monthly income* (USD)

383.58 ± 203.39

360.44 ± 184.36

P = 0.43^a

 • Underweight

4 (2.6%)

9 (6.3%)

 • Normal

84 (55.3%)

83 (58%)

P = 0.32^b

 • Overweight

50 (32.9%)

42 (29.4%)

 • Obese

14 (9.2%)

9 (6.3%)

 • Maternal weight gain during pregnancy (kg)

10.84 ± 4.69

11.29 ± 3.06

0.009^a

 • Mullah

49 (31%)

45 (31.2%)

P = 0.29^b

 • Relatives

75 (48.4%)

67 (46.5%)

 • Obstetrician

13 (8.4)

15 (10.4%)

 • Nurse

0

4 (2.8%)

 • Media

18 (11.6%)

13 (9%)

 • Non

–

144 (100%)

 • 1–10 days

8 (5.16%)

–

 • 11–20 days

14 (9.03%)

–

 • 21–29 days

132 (85.16%)

–