Table 1 Demographic characteristics, obstetric information, and household environments of the study women
Characteristic | All pregnant women (n = 666) | Pregnant women with blood test (n = 465) | p value* |
|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | ||
Demographic characteristics | |||
Age group, in years | Â | Â | 0.956 |
 15–19 | 74 (11.1) | 51 (11.0) |  |
 20–34 | 496 (74.5) | 344 (73.9) |  |
 35–49 | 96 (14.4) | 70 (15.1) |  |
Religion | Â | Â | 0.060 |
 Muslim | 594 (89.2) | 431 (92.7) |  |
 Buddhist or others | 72 (10.8) | 34 (7.3) |  |
Education | Â | Â | 0.979 |
 Primary school or lower | 178 (26.7) | 123 (26.5) |  |
 Secondary school | 375 (56.3) | 261 (56.1) |  |
 College/university | 113 (17.0) | 81 (17.4) |  |
Occupation | Â | Â | 0.692 |
 Agricultural worker or laborer | 351 (52.7) | 237 (50.9) |  |
 Salesperson, teacher, clerk, or technician | 164 (24.6) | 125 (26.9) |  |
 Housewife | 151 (22.7) | 103 (22.2) |  |
Personal monthly income, in USD | Â | Â | 0.847 |
 0–184 | 391 (58.7) | 265 (57.0) |  |
 185–368 | 213 (32.0) | 155 (33.3) |  |
  ≥ 369 | 62 (9.3) | 45 (9.7) |  |
Obstetric information | |||
Gestational age | Â | Â | 0.418 |
 1st trimester (< 14 weeks) | 560 (84.1) | 400 (86.0) |  |
 2nd trimester (14–28 weeks) | 106 (15.9) | 65 (14.0) |  |
Gravida | Â | Â | 0.909 |
 Primi-gravida | 178 (26.7) | 119 (25.6) |  |
 Multigravida | 427 (64.1) | 302 (64.9) |  |
 Grand-multigravida | 61 (9.2) | 44 (9.5) |  |
Parity | Â | Â | 0.976 |
 Nulliparity | 198 (29.7) | 136 (29.2) |  |
 Primiparity | 241 (36.2) | 171 (36.8) |  |
 Multiparity | 227 (34.1) | 158 (34.0) |  |
Having history of abortion | 103 (15.5) | 81 (17.4) | 0.381 |
Having history of stillbirth | 11 (1.7) | 7 (1.5) | 0.847 |
Having history of preterm birth or low birth weight | 84 (12.6) | 66 (14.2) | 0.441 |
Household environment | |||
Having cats, dogs, or rabbits | 309 (46.4) | 218 (46.9) | 0.872 |
Having chickens or ducks | 199 (29.9) | 141 (30.3) | 0.873 |
Having other birds | 147 (22.1) | 104 (22.4) | 0.907 |
Having goats | 103 (15.5) | 92 (19.8) | 0.059 |
Having cattle | 20 (3.0) | 19 (4.1) | 0.326 |
Having neighbor rearing goats | 243 (36.5) | 172 (37) | 0.863 |