|
Characteristics
|
LBW
|
SGA
|
Macrosomia
|
LGA
|
|---|
|
No. of Studies
|
Pooled OR (95% CI)
|
P-value
|
No. of Studies
|
Pooled OR (95% CI)
|
P-value
|
No. of Studies
|
Pooled OR (95% CI)
|
P-value
|
No. of Studies
|
Pooled OR (95% CI)
|
P-value
|
|---|
|
Underweight
|
|
Sample size
|
|
≤ 10,000
|
8
|
2.22 (1.10–4.52)
|
0.187
|
6
|
2.03 (1.37–3.00)
|
0.394
|
20
|
0.46 (0.38–0.55)
|
0.350
|
4
|
0.55 (0.46–0.67)
|
0.367
|
|
10,000~50,000
|
5
|
1.37 (1.13–1.65)
| |
3
|
1.78 (1.61–1.97)
| |
6
|
0.52 (0.41–0.66)
| |
3
|
0.44 (0.31–0.62)
| |
|
≥ 50,000
|
2
|
1.28 (1.14–1.43)
| |
1
|
1.46 (1.37–1.55)
| |
1
|
0.56 (0.51–0.61)
| |
0
|
NA
| |
|
BMI cut-off
|
|
WHO
|
1
|
3.52 (1.66–7.49)
|
0.233
|
2
|
1.85 (0.64–2.07)
|
0.841
|
4
|
0.41 (0.25–0.67)
|
0.843
|
1
|
0.32 (0.25–0.41)
|
0.073
|
|
APS
|
3
|
2.14 (0.59–7.72)
| |
0
|
NA
| |
3
|
0.60 (0.34–1.07)
| |
0
|
NA
| |
|
WGOC
|
11
|
1.43 (1.24–1.64)
| |
8
|
1.74 (1.46–2.06)
| |
20
|
0.49 (0.44–0.55)
| |
6
|
0.52 (0.44–0.62)
| |
|
BMI source
|
|
Recorded
|
11
|
1.72 (1.39–2.14)
|
0.239
|
4
|
1.88 (1.47–2.41)
|
0.698
|
18
|
0.51 (0.43–0.60)
|
0.332
|
3
|
0.50 (0.37–0.67)
|
0.225
|
|
Measured
|
1
|
1.30 (0.97–1.73)
| |
2
|
1.53 (1.28–1.83)
| |
1
|
0.54 (0.45–0.63)
| |
2
|
0.59 (0.53–0.66)
| |
|
Self-reported
|
0
|
NA
| |
1
|
2.28 (0.75–6.92)
| |
3
|
0.48 (0.39–0.58)
| |
0
|
NA
| |
|
Questionnaire
|
1
|
1.64 (0.96–2.80)
| |
3
|
1.73 (1.21–2.48)
| |
2
|
0.52 (0.30–0.88)
| |
2
|
0.38 (0.26–0.55)
| |
|
Not reported
|
2
|
0.88 (0.34–2.23)
| |
0
|
NA
| |
3
|
0.37 (0.23–0.60)
| |
0
|
NA
| |
|
Language
|
|
English
|
3
|
1.31 (1.18–1.44)
|
0.486
|
5
|
1.70 (1.46–1.99)
|
0.717
|
5
|
0.50 (0.44–0.57)
|
0.975
|
3
|
0.39 (0.32–0.49)
|
0.009
|
|
Chinese
|
12
|
1.81 (1.31–2.50)
| |
5
|
1.75 (1.52–2.02)
| |
22
|
0.48 (0.41–0.58)
| |
4
|
0.59 (0.53–0.65)
| |
|
Confounders
|
|
Adjusted
|
5
|
1.24 (1.13–1.37)
|
0.307
|
8
|
1.63 (1.44–1.85)
|
0.022
|
7
|
0.56 (0.47–0.68)
|
0.127
|
6
|
0.48 (0.38–0.61)
|
0.967
|
|
Unadjusted
|
10
|
1.95 (1.38–2.75)
| |
2
|
3.66 (1.46–9.16)
| |
20
|
0.45 (0.38–0.53)
| |
1
|
0.48 (0.32–0.72)
| |
|
Geographic region
|
|
North China
|
6
|
1.31 (0.94–1.83)
|
0.510
|
4
|
1.82 (1.67–2.00)
|
0.914
|
12
|
0.45 (0.41–0.49)
|
0.212
|
3
|
0.43 (0.37–0.50)
|
0.764
|
|
South China
|
7
|
2.08 (1.41–3.05)
| |
6
|
1.77 (1.43–2.20)
| |
14
|
0.50 (0.40–0.63)
| |
4
|
0.49 (0.36–0.68)
| |
|
All
|
2
|
1.52 (1.19–1.94)
| |
0
|
NA
| |
1
|
0.59 (0.51–0.67)
| |
0
|
NA
| |
|
Overweight/Obesity
|
|
Sample size
|
|
≤ 10,000
|
8
|
1.24 (0.90–1.71)
|
0.718
|
6
|
1.21 (0.84–1.73)
|
0.135
|
20
|
2.05 (1.75–2.40)
|
0.284
|
4
|
1.67 (1.40–1.98)
|
0.162
|
|
10,000~50,000
|
5
|
1.04 (0.81–1.34)
| |
3
|
0.69 (0.64–0.75)
| |
6
|
1.75 (1.52–2.01)
| |
3
|
2.06 (1.76–2.41)
| |
|
≥ 50,000
|
2
|
1.32 (1.04–1.68)
| |
1
|
0.84 (0.75–0.94)
| |
1
|
1.83 (1.68–1.99)
| |
0
|
NA
| |
|
BMI cut-off
|
|
WHO
|
1
|
1.34 (0.54–3.33)
|
0.731
|
2
|
1.29 (0.31–5.38)
|
0.733
|
4
|
1.90 (1.19–3.04)
|
0.776
|
1
|
2.41 (2.19–2.64)
|
0.067
|
|
APS
|
3
|
1.19 (0.79–1.80)
| |
0
|
NA
| |
3
|
1.90 (1.13–3.18)
| |
0
|
NA
| |
|
WGOC
|
10
|
1.15 (0.97–1.36)
| |
8
|
0.89 (0.74–1.05)
| |
20
|
1.92 (1.76–2.10)
| |
6
|
1.79 (1.58–2.02)
| |
|
BMI source
|
|
Recorded
|
11
|
1.19 (1.05–1.35)
|
0.621
|
4
|
0.77 (0.69–0.86)
|
0.392
|
18
|
2.03 (1.82–2.27)
|
0.446
|
3
|
1.66 (1.28–2.16)
|
0.097
|
|
Measured
|
1
|
0.35 (0.14–0.85)
| |
2
|
0.99 (0.54–1.82)
| |
1
|
1.89 (1.57–2.30)
| |
2
|
1.78 (1.56–2.03)
| |
|
Self-reported
|
0
|
NA
| |
1
|
2.82 (1.29–6.17)
| |
3
|
1.28 (0.95–1.71)
| |
0
|
NA
| |
|
Questionnaire
|
1
|
2.08 (1.31–3.32)
| |
3
|
0.97 (0.54–1.73)
| |
2
|
1.90 (1.30–2.78)
| |
2
|
2.38 (2.18–2.60)
| |
|
Not reported
|
2
|
0.92 (0.44–1.93)
| |
0
|
NA
| |
3
|
2.13 (1.72–2.65)
| |
0
|
NA
| |
|
Language
|
|
English
|
3
|
1.28 (1.09–1.50)
|
0.367
|
5
|
0.77 (0.65–0.91)
|
0.167
|
5
|
1.57 (1.33–1.85)
|
0.028
|
3
|
2.02 (1.69–2.42)
|
0.329
|
|
Chinese
|
12
|
1.06 (0.83–1.36)
| |
5
|
1.12 (0.85–1.47)
| |
22
|
2.06 (1.84–2.31)
| |
4
|
1.74 (1.51–2.01)
| |
|
Confounders
|
|
Adjusted
|
5
|
1.34 (1.08–1.65)
|
0.064
|
8
|
0.88 (0.73–1.05)
|
0.824
|
7
|
1.60 (1.37–1.88)
|
0.026
|
6
|
1.86 (1.61–2.15)
|
0.714
|
|
Unadjusted
|
10
|
1.09 (1.00–1.20)
| |
2
|
1.02 (0.60–1.76)
| |
20
|
2.08 (1.86–2.33)
| |
1
|
2.05 (1.45–2.89)
| |
|
Geographic region
|
|
North China
|
6
|
1.16 (0.99–1.35)
|
0.805
|
4
|
1.04 (0.68–1.57)
|
0.584
|
12
|
1.69 (1.49–1.92)
|
0.041
|
3
|
1.85 (1.58–2.16)
|
0.807
|
|
South China
|
7
|
1.28 (0.98–1.66)
| |
6
|
0.84 (0.67–1.04)
| |
14
|
2.18 (1.87–2.55)
| |
4
|
1.88 (1.45–2.42)
| |
|
All
|
2
|
1.04 (0.80–1.35)
| |
0
|
NA
| |
1
|
2.18 (2.02–2.36)
| |
0
|
NA
| |
- NA not available, BMI body mass index, WHO World Health Organization, APS Asia-Pacific standard, WGOC Working Group on Obesity in China, LGA large for gestational age, SGA small for gestational age, LBW low birth weight, PTB premature birth
