Table 2 Vitamin D status (severe deficiency/moderate deficiency) and mean 25(OH)D levels stratified by characteristics including significance values for bivariate analyses
Characteristics | Severe deficiency (< 20 ng/mL) | Moderate deficiency (21–30 ng/mL) | p | Mean 25(OH)D levels (SD) | Pa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 38% | 29% | Â | 24.1 (10.7) | Â |
Race | 0.000 | Â | 0.000 | ||
 Black | 52% | 29% |  | 20.7 (9.9) |  |
 White | 23% | 29% |  | 27.9 (10.4) |  |
Season | 0.048 | Â | 0.019 | ||
 Spring | 42% | 32% |  | 22.0 (10.8)* |  |
 Summer | 44% | 26% |  | 23.1 (10.8)* |  |
 Autumn | 16% | 33% |  | 28.8 (9.7)* |  |
 Winter | 43% | 36% |  | 23.0 (11.7) |  |
Fatty fish consumption | 0.272 | Â | 0.605 | ||
 0 oz/week | 26% | 32% |  | 26.8 (10.3) |  |
 0–3.5 oz/week | 44% | 26% |  | 22.9 (11.0) |  |
 > 3.5 oz/week | 39% | 32% |  | 23.5 (10.3) |  |
Pregnant | 0.005 | Â | 0.016 | ||
 Yes White  Black | 26 10% 38% | 35 36% 33% |  | 25.9 (11.3) 30.5(10.6)b 22.1 (10.6)b |  |
 No White  Black | 49 33% 64% | 24 22% 25% |  | 22.6(10.0) 25.8(9.9)b 19.5(9.2)b |  |
Age | 0.056 | Â | 0.014 | ||
 18–25 | 27% | 29% |  | 27.0 (11.6) * |  |
 > 25–30 | 37% | 26% |  | 24.1 (10.5) |  |
 > 30–35 | 49% | 34% |  | 20.8 (8.6) * |  |
 > 35 | 52% | 30% |  | 20.8 (9.5) |  |
BMI | – |  | 0.754 | ||
 < 18.5 | – | – |  | 29.1 (10.0) |  |
 18.5–24.99 | – | – |  | 24.8 (11.7) |  |
 25.29.99 | – | – |  | 22.8 (10.5) |  |
 > 30 | – | – |  | 23.9 (10.5) |  |
Income | 0.579 | Â | 0.894 | ||
 < $ 10,000 | 38% | 33% |  | 23.7 (10.1) |  |
 >$ 10,000 - $ 30,000 | 45% | 29% |  | 23.3 (11.7) |  |
 > $ 30,000 | 38% | 21% |  | 24.4 (11.1) |  |
WIC | 0.282 | Â | 0.120 | ||
 yes | 35% | 31% |  | 24.8 (10.4) |  |
 no | 47% | 26% |  | 22.8 (11.3) |  |
Education level | 0.787 | Â | 0.946 | ||
 High school or less | 37% | 29% |  | 24.2 (10.7) |  |
 Some college/Associate’s degree | 42% | 26% |  | 23.9 (11.0) |  |
 College graduate or higher | 33% | 44% |  | 25.0 (10.1) |  |
Alcohol use (drinks/week)- | 0.146 | ||||
 14 or more | – | – |  | 22.5 (12.7) |  |
 7 to 13 | – | – |  | 26.2(6.8) |  |
 4 to 6 | – | – |  | 22.6 (8.2) |  |
1 to 3 | – | – |  | 20.2 (10.9) |  |
 Less than 1 | – | – |  | 27.5 (11.0) |  |
 I didn’t drink then | – | – |  | 23.9 (10.9) |  |
Smoking level | 0.795 | Â | 0.445 | ||
 nonsmoker | 42% | 28% |  | 23.2 (10.7) |  |
 former | 31% | 38% |  | 24.8 (11.3) |  |
 1–10 cigs/day | 31% | 28% |  | 26.3 (10.7) |  |
 > = 11 cigs/day | 38% | 38% |  | 23.0 (10.9) |  |
Cotinine | 0.013 | Â | 0.005 | ||
 High (> 12.9 ng/mL) | 16% | 24% |  | 29.9 (10.7) |  |
 Low (< 12.9 ng/mL) | 42% | 31% |  | 21.8 (11.0) |  |
Cadmium (median) | 0.281 | Â | 0.482 | ||
 High (> 0.47 μg/L) | 40% | 33% |  | 23.1 (9.8) |  |
 Low (< 0.47μg/L) | 41% | 24% |  | 24.2 (11.3) |  |
 Lead (median) | 0.257 |  | 0.211 | ||
 High (> 0.48 μg/dL) | 46% | 28% |  | 22.6 (10.5) |  |
 Low (< 0.48 μg/dL) | 35% | 29% |  | 24.7 (10.5) |  |
Mercury | 0.168 | Â | 0.446 | ||
 High (> 5.8 μg/L) | 24% | 47% |  | 25.5 (10.1) |  |
 Low (< 5.8 μg/L) | 42% | 27% |  | 23.5 (10.6) |  |
 Proximity to coast | 0.488 |  | 0.875 | ||
 Zip code proximal to coast | 43% | 20% |  | 23.8 (9.9) |  |
 Further from coast | 37% | 31% |  | 24.1 (11.1) |  |