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Table 2 Multilevel logistic regression models of factors associated with non-utilization of health service for delivery

From: Women who have not utilized health Service for Delivery in Nigeria: who are they and where do they live?

Variable

Model 1a

Model 2b

Model 3c

Model 4d

aOR (CrI)

aOR (CrI)

aOR (CrI)

aOR (CrI)

Individual-level factors

 Age

  15–24

 

1.03 (0.89–1.18)

0.99 (0.86–1.13)

0.98 (0.86–1.10)

  25–34

 

1.16 (1.03–1.29)

1.15 (1.04–1.28)

1.14 (1.03–1.26)

  35+

 

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Education

  No education

 

2.64 (2.28–3.03)

2.42 (2.09–2.75)

2.38 (2.07–2.73)

  Primary

 

1.89 (1.68–2.12)

1.84 (1.64–2.04)

1.84 (1.63–2.05)

  Secondary/higher

 

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Household wealth index

  Poor

 

3.42 (2.84–4.06)

2.44 (2.03–2.92)

2.44 (1.98–2.86)

  Middle

 

2.06 (1.82–2.32)

1.72 (1.49–1.95)

1.71 (1.50–1.92)

  Rich

 

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Occupation

  Not working

 

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

  Working

 

0.99 (0.90–1.09)

1.006 (0.91–1.10)

0.99 (0.90–1.10)

 Marital status

  Never married

 

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

  Ever married

 

0.67 (0.53–0.87)

0.63 (0.47–0.83)

0.64 (0.49–0.80)

 Mass media exposure

  Never exposed

 

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

  Exposed

 

0.89 (0.79–0.99)

0.92 (0.82–1.04)

0.92 (0.81–1.03)

 Antenatal care attendance

  Never attended

 

6.75 (5.95–7.59)

6.34 (5.62–7.13)

6.31 (5.56–7.12)

   < 4 visits

 

1.98 (1.75–2.23)

1.94 (1.72–2.18)

1.93 (1.69–2.17)

  4 or more visits

 

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Community-level factors

 Residence

  Urban

  

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

  Rural

  

1.79 (1.42–2.15)

1.81 (1.54–2.12)

 Getting to health facility

  Not a problem

  

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

  A problem

  

1.27 (1.14–1.40)

1.28 (1.15–1.44)

  Ethnicity diversity index

  

0.97 (0.95–1.006)

0.97 (0.94–1.003)

 Socioeconomic disadvantage

  Tertile 1 (least disadvantaged)

  

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

  Tertile 2

  

1.39 (1.13–1.74)

1.32 (1.07–1.63)

  Tertile 3 (most disadvantaged)

  

2.59 (1.77–3.68)

2.31 (1.68–3.21)

State-level factors

 Socioeconomic disadvantage

  Tertile 1 (least disadvantaged)

   

1 (reference)

  Tertile 2

   

1.40 (0.75–3.23)

  Tertile 3 (most disadvantaged)

   

4.21 (1.85–7.89)

Measures of variation

 State level

  Variance (SE)

3.954 (2.388–6.563)

1.294 (0.777–2.118)

0.875 (0.507–1.438)

0.741 (0.436–1.233)

  Explained variation (%)

Reference

67.3

77.9

81.2

  ICC (%)

43.11

24.40

18.15

15.83

  MOR

6.66

2.96

2.44

2.27

 Community level

  Variance (SE)

1.926 (1.674–2.203)

0.718 (0.603–0.845)

0.657 (0.541–0.773)

0.651 (0.540–0.774)

  Explained variation (%)

Reference

62.7

65.9

66.2

  ICC (%)

64.11

37.93

31.75

29.72

  MOR

3.78

2.24

2.17

2.16

 Model fit statistics

  Bayesian DIC

16,555

15,176

15,097

15,098

  1. aModel 1 is the empty model, a baseline model with no independent variable
  2. bModel 2 is adjusted for age, education, household wealth index, occupation, marital status, mass media exposure, and antenatal care attendance
  3. cModel 3 is additionally adjusted for residence, getting to health facility, ethnicity diversity index and community socioeconomic factors
  4. dModel 4 is additionally adjusted for state socioeconomic factors
  5. Abbreviations: SE; standard error, DIC; deviation information criterion, CrI; credible interval, ICC; intra-cluster correlation, MOR; median odds ratio
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